Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2010
Bhutan, 2010
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Reference ID
BTN_2010_MICS_v01_M
Producer(s)
National Statistics Bureau, United Nations Children’s Fund, United Nations Population Fund
Collection(s)
Created on
Feb 06, 2013
Last modified
Sep 26, 2013
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45912
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Identification
Survey ID Number
BTN_2010_MICS_v01_M
Title
Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2010
Country/Economy
| Name | Country code |
|---|---|
| Bhutan | BTN |
Study type
Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey - Round 4 [hh/mics-4]
Series Information
The Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey, Round 4 (MICS4) is the forth round of MICS surveys, previously conducted around 1995 (MICS1), 2000 (MICS2), and 2005-2007 (MICS3). MICS was originally developed to support countries measure progress towards an internationally agreed set of goals that emerged from the 1990 World Summit for Children.
The fourth round of Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS4) is scheduled for 2009-2011 and survey results are expected to be available from 2010 onwards. MICS4 data allow countries to better monitor progress toward national goals and global commitments, including the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) as the target year 2015 approaches.
Information on more than 20 of the MDG indicators is being collected through MICS4, offering one of the largest single sources of data for MDG monitoring. MICS4 continues to address emerging issues and new areas of interest, with validated, standard methodologies in collecting relevant data. It also helps countries capture rapid changes in key indicators.
The fourth round of Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS4) is scheduled for 2009-2011 and survey results are expected to be available from 2010 onwards. MICS4 data allow countries to better monitor progress toward national goals and global commitments, including the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) as the target year 2015 approaches.
Information on more than 20 of the MDG indicators is being collected through MICS4, offering one of the largest single sources of data for MDG monitoring. MICS4 continues to address emerging issues and new areas of interest, with validated, standard methodologies in collecting relevant data. It also helps countries capture rapid changes in key indicators.
Abstract
The National Statistics Bureau conducted the Bhutan Multiple Indicator Survey between March and August, 2010. The survey’s main objective is to provide up-to-date information on the situation of children and women in Bhutan. The survey is also aimed at furnishing data required for monitoring progress towards the MDGs, the goals of A World Fit for Children and other international goals. It is hoped that the findings will serve as a basis for equity-based programming, as well as contribute towards the improvement of data and monitoring systems in Bhutan. It will also help to strengthen technical expertise in the design, implementation, and data analysis of similar surveys in future.
Kind of Data
Sample survey data [ssd]
Unit of Analysis
- individuals
- households
- households
Version
Version Description
- v01: Edited, anonymous datasets for public distribution.
Scope
Notes
The scope of the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey includes:
- Household: Household Listing Form, Education, Water and Sanitation, Household Characteristics, Child Labor, Disability, and Hand Washing.
- Women: Woman's Background, Child Mortality, Desire for Last Birth, Maternal and Newborn Health, Contraception, Unmet Needs, Marriage/Union, Attitudes towards and Experience of Domestic Violence, Sexual Behaviour, HIV/AIDS and Maternal Mortality.
- Children under five: Age, Birth Registration, Early Childhood Development, Breastfeeding, Care of Illness, and Anthropometry.
- Household: Household Listing Form, Education, Water and Sanitation, Household Characteristics, Child Labor, Disability, and Hand Washing.
- Women: Woman's Background, Child Mortality, Desire for Last Birth, Maternal and Newborn Health, Contraception, Unmet Needs, Marriage/Union, Attitudes towards and Experience of Domestic Violence, Sexual Behaviour, HIV/AIDS and Maternal Mortality.
- Children under five: Age, Birth Registration, Early Childhood Development, Breastfeeding, Care of Illness, and Anthropometry.
Coverage
Geographic Coverage
Three regions and 20 Dzongkhags (districts)
The Western region includes Chhukha, Gasa, Haa, Paro, Punakha, Samtse and Thimphu Dzongkhag; the Eastern region includes Lhuentse, Monggar, Pemagatshel, Samdrup-Jongkhar, Trashigang and Trashiyangtse Dzongkhag and the Central region includes Bumthang, Dagana, Sarpang, Trongsa, Tsirang, Wangdue Phodrang and Zhemgang Dzongkhag.
The Western region includes Chhukha, Gasa, Haa, Paro, Punakha, Samtse and Thimphu Dzongkhag; the Eastern region includes Lhuentse, Monggar, Pemagatshel, Samdrup-Jongkhar, Trashigang and Trashiyangtse Dzongkhag and the Central region includes Bumthang, Dagana, Sarpang, Trongsa, Tsirang, Wangdue Phodrang and Zhemgang Dzongkhag.
Universe
The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), all women aged between 15-49 years, all children under 5 living in the household.
Producers and sponsors
Primary investigators
| Name | Affiliation |
|---|---|
| National Statistics Bureau | Royal Government of Bhutan |
| United Nations Children’s Fund | |
| United Nations Population Fund |
Funding Agency/Sponsor
| Name | Abbreviation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| United Nations Children’s Fund | UNICEF | Financial and technical support |
| United Nations Population Fund | UNFPA | Financial and technical support |
Other Identifications/Acknowledgments
| Name |
|---|
| Ministry of Health |
| Ministry of Education |
| Gross National Happiness Commission |
| National Commission for Women and Children |
Sampling
Sampling Procedure
The primary objective of the sample design for the Bhutan Multiple Indicator Survey was to produce statistically reliable estimates of most indicators at the national level, for urban and rural areas, and for the 20 Dzongkhags of the country. Urban and rural areas in each of the 20 Dzongkhags were defined as the sampling strata.
A multi-stage, stratified cluster sampling approach was used for the selection of the survey sample.
The target sample size for the BMIS was calculated as 15,400 households. For the calculation of the sample size, the key indicator used was the stunting among children aged 0-4 years.
The resulting number of households from this exercise was 800 households, which is the sample size needed in each Dzongkhag except Gasa (200 households) after taking account of the finite population correction factor - thus yielding about 15,400 in total. Gasa was a special case, in that it has a very small population, and widely dispersed. It was felt that 200 households was the maximum sample size that could realistically be achieved in that Dzongkhag.The average number of households selected per cluster for the BMIS was determined as 20 households, based on a number of considerations, including the design effect, the budget available, and the time that would be needed per team to complete one cluster. Dividing the total number of households by the number of sample households per cluster, it was calculated that 40 sample clusters would need to be selected in each Dzongkhag except Gasa (10).
Equal allocation of the total sample size to the 20 Dzongkhags was used except Gasa. Therefore, 40 clusters were allocated to each Dzongkhag except Gasa (10), with the final sample size calculated at 15,400 households: 40 clusters * 19 Dzongkhags * 20 sample households per cluster and 10 clusters*1 Dzongkhag *20 sample households per cluster in Gasa. In each Dzongkhag, the clusters (primary sampling units) were distributed to urban and rural domains, proportional to the size of urban and rural populations in that Dzongkhag. The table below shows the allocation of clusters to the sampling strata.
The sampling procedures are more fully described in "Bhutan Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2010 - Report" pp.207-212.
A multi-stage, stratified cluster sampling approach was used for the selection of the survey sample.
The target sample size for the BMIS was calculated as 15,400 households. For the calculation of the sample size, the key indicator used was the stunting among children aged 0-4 years.
The resulting number of households from this exercise was 800 households, which is the sample size needed in each Dzongkhag except Gasa (200 households) after taking account of the finite population correction factor - thus yielding about 15,400 in total. Gasa was a special case, in that it has a very small population, and widely dispersed. It was felt that 200 households was the maximum sample size that could realistically be achieved in that Dzongkhag.The average number of households selected per cluster for the BMIS was determined as 20 households, based on a number of considerations, including the design effect, the budget available, and the time that would be needed per team to complete one cluster. Dividing the total number of households by the number of sample households per cluster, it was calculated that 40 sample clusters would need to be selected in each Dzongkhag except Gasa (10).
Equal allocation of the total sample size to the 20 Dzongkhags was used except Gasa. Therefore, 40 clusters were allocated to each Dzongkhag except Gasa (10), with the final sample size calculated at 15,400 households: 40 clusters * 19 Dzongkhags * 20 sample households per cluster and 10 clusters*1 Dzongkhag *20 sample households per cluster in Gasa. In each Dzongkhag, the clusters (primary sampling units) were distributed to urban and rural domains, proportional to the size of urban and rural populations in that Dzongkhag. The table below shows the allocation of clusters to the sampling strata.
The sampling procedures are more fully described in "Bhutan Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2010 - Report" pp.207-212.
Response Rate
Of the 15,400 households selected for the sample, 14,917 were occupied. Of which, 14,676 households were successfully interviewed for a household response rate of 98.4 percent. Within those interviewed households, 16,823 of the eligible women (aged 15-49) were identified. Of them 14,018 were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 83.3 percent. The household interviews identified 6,457 children under-five. The questionnaires were completed for 6,297 of them with a response rate of 97.5 percent.
Weighting
Sample weights were calculated and these were used in the subsequent analyses of the survey data.
The major component of the weight is the reciprocal of the sampling fraction employed in selecting the number of sample households in that particular sampling stratum and PSU. The sampling fraction for the sample PSU in the stratum is the product of probabilities of selection at every stage in each sampling stratum.
A second component in the calculation of sample weights takes into account the level of non response for the household and individual interviews. The adjustment for household non response is equal to the inverse value of: RRh = Number of interviewed households in stratum h/ Number of occupied households listed in stratum h
After the completion of fieldwork, response rates were calculated for each sampling stratum. These were used to adjust the sample weights calculated for each cluster. The non-response adjustment factors for women's and under-5's questionnaires are applied to the adjusted household weights. Numbers of eligible women and under-5 children were obtained from the roster of household members in the Household Questionnaire for households where interviews were completed.
The design weights for the households were calculated by multiplying the above factors for each enumeration area. These weights were then standardized (or normalized), one purpose of which is to make the weighted sum of the interviewed sample units equal the total sample size at the national level. Normalization is performed by dividing the aforementioned design weights by the average design weight at the national level. The average design weight is calculated as the sum of the design weights divided by the unweighted total). A similar standardization procedure was followed in obtaining standardized weights for the women’s and under-five’s questionnaires. Adjusted (normalized) weights varied between 0.84 and 23.4 in the 770 sample enumeration areas (clusters).
Sample weights were appended to all data sets and analyses were performed by weighting each household, woman or under-five with these sample weights.
The major component of the weight is the reciprocal of the sampling fraction employed in selecting the number of sample households in that particular sampling stratum and PSU. The sampling fraction for the sample PSU in the stratum is the product of probabilities of selection at every stage in each sampling stratum.
A second component in the calculation of sample weights takes into account the level of non response for the household and individual interviews. The adjustment for household non response is equal to the inverse value of: RRh = Number of interviewed households in stratum h/ Number of occupied households listed in stratum h
After the completion of fieldwork, response rates were calculated for each sampling stratum. These were used to adjust the sample weights calculated for each cluster. The non-response adjustment factors for women's and under-5's questionnaires are applied to the adjusted household weights. Numbers of eligible women and under-5 children were obtained from the roster of household members in the Household Questionnaire for households where interviews were completed.
The design weights for the households were calculated by multiplying the above factors for each enumeration area. These weights were then standardized (or normalized), one purpose of which is to make the weighted sum of the interviewed sample units equal the total sample size at the national level. Normalization is performed by dividing the aforementioned design weights by the average design weight at the national level. The average design weight is calculated as the sum of the design weights divided by the unweighted total). A similar standardization procedure was followed in obtaining standardized weights for the women’s and under-five’s questionnaires. Adjusted (normalized) weights varied between 0.84 and 23.4 in the 770 sample enumeration areas (clusters).
Sample weights were appended to all data sets and analyses were performed by weighting each household, woman or under-five with these sample weights.
Data Collection
Dates of Data Collection
| Start | End |
|---|---|
| 2010-04 | 2010-08 |
Data Collection Mode
Face-to-face [f2f]
Supervision
There is one supervisor for each of the 42 survey teams in the field.
Data Collection Notes
Training for the listing operation of the selected Primary Sampling Units (PSU) for the Dzongkhag Statistical Officers (DSOs), supervisors and enumerators were conducted for a week in early March 2010. The actual field listing operation was implemented over a period of one month.
Training for the fieldwork was conducted for 14 days in April 2010. It included lectures on interviewing techniques and the contents of the questionnaires, and mock interviews between trainees to gain practice in asking questions. Towards the end of the training period, trainees spent one day practising interviews in Thimphu. The questionnaires were not translated from English to the local Bhutanese languages. However, since the interviewers would be asking the questions in local languages to respondents and not in English, in order to standardize how translations would be done, an effort was made to provide standard translations to all teams of Dzongkhag, Lhotshamkha and Sharchopkha.
Forty two teams were engaged in field enumeration. Each team consisted of one supervisor, two interviewers, one editor, one measurer and one driver. The actual fieldwork began in April 2010 and concluded in August 2010.
Training for the fieldwork was conducted for 14 days in April 2010. It included lectures on interviewing techniques and the contents of the questionnaires, and mock interviews between trainees to gain practice in asking questions. Towards the end of the training period, trainees spent one day practising interviews in Thimphu. The questionnaires were not translated from English to the local Bhutanese languages. However, since the interviewers would be asking the questions in local languages to respondents and not in English, in order to standardize how translations would be done, an effort was made to provide standard translations to all teams of Dzongkhag, Lhotshamkha and Sharchopkha.
Forty two teams were engaged in field enumeration. Each team consisted of one supervisor, two interviewers, one editor, one measurer and one driver. The actual fieldwork began in April 2010 and concluded in August 2010.
Data Collectors
| Name | Abbreviation | Affiliation |
|---|---|---|
| National Statistics Bureau | NSB | Royal Government of Bhutan |
Questionnaires
Questionnaires
The questionnaires for the Generic MICS were structured questionnaires based on the MICS4 model questionnaire with some modifications and additions. Household questionnaires were administered to a knowledgeable adult living in the household. The household questionnaire includes Household Listing Form, Education, Water and Sanitation, Household Characteristics, Child Labor, Disability, and Hand Washing.
In addition to a household questionnaire, questionnaires were administered in each household for women age 15-49 and children under age five. The questionnaire for children under 5 years of age was administered to mothers or caregivers of all children under 5 years of age living in the households.
The women's questionnaire includes Woman's Background, Child Mortality, Desire for Last Birth, Maternal and Newborn Health, Contraception, Unmet Needs, Marriage/Union, Attitudes towards and Experience of Domestic Violence, Sexual Behaviour, HIV/AIDS and Maternal Mortality.
The children's questionnaire includes Child's Age, Birth Registration, Early Childhood Development, Breastfeeding, Care of Illness, and Anthropometry.
In addition to a household questionnaire, questionnaires were administered in each household for women age 15-49 and children under age five. The questionnaire for children under 5 years of age was administered to mothers or caregivers of all children under 5 years of age living in the households.
The women's questionnaire includes Woman's Background, Child Mortality, Desire for Last Birth, Maternal and Newborn Health, Contraception, Unmet Needs, Marriage/Union, Attitudes towards and Experience of Domestic Violence, Sexual Behaviour, HIV/AIDS and Maternal Mortality.
The children's questionnaire includes Child's Age, Birth Registration, Early Childhood Development, Breastfeeding, Care of Illness, and Anthropometry.
Data Processing
Data Editing
Data was entered using the CSPro software in 25 micro-computers and the entry was carried out by 25 operators and three supervisors. In order to ensure quality control, all questionnaires were double entered and internal consistency checks were performed. Procedures and standard programs developed under the global MICS4 programme and adapted to the Bhutan questionnaire were used throughout. Data entry began a month after the start of data collection and was completed in September 2010. Data was analysed using the Predictive Analytics Software (PASW), the version 18 of SPSS software, and the model syntax and tabulation plans developed by UNICEF were used for this purpose.
Data Appraisal
Estimates of Sampling Error
Sampling errors are a measure of the variability between the estimates from all possible samples. The extent of variability is not known exactly, but can be estimated statistically from the survey data.
The following sampling error measures are presented in this appendix for each of the selected indicators:
• Standard error (se): Sampling errors are usually measured in terms of standard errors for particular indicators (means, proportions etc). Standard error is the square root of the variance of the estimate. The Taylor linearization method is used for the estimation of standard errors.
• Coefficient of variation (se/r) is the ratio of the standard error to the value of the indicator, and is a measure of the relative sampling error.
• Design effect (deff) is the ratio of the actual variance of an indicator, under the sampling method used in the survey, to the variance calculated under the assumption of simple random sampling. The square root of the design effect (deft) is used to show the efficiency of the sample design in relation to the precision. A deft value of 1.0 indicates that the sample design is as efficient as a simple random sample, while a deft value above 1.0 indicates the increase in the standard error due to the use of a more complex sample design.
• Confidence limits are calculated to show the interval within which the true value for the population can be reasonably assumed to fall, with a specified level of confidence. For any given statistic calculated from the survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error (r + 2.se or r – 2.se) of the statistic in 95 percent of all possible samples of identical size and design.
For the calculation of sampling errors from MICS data, SPSS Version 18 Complex Samples module has been used. The results are shown in the tables that follow. In addition to the sampling error measures described above, the tables also include weighted and unweighted counts of denominators for each indicator.
Sampling errors are calculated for indicators of primary interest, for the national level, for the regions, and for urban and rural areas. Eight of the selected indicators are based household members, eighteen are based on women, and twelve are based on children under-five. All indicators presented here are in the form of proportions.
The following sampling error measures are presented in this appendix for each of the selected indicators:
• Standard error (se): Sampling errors are usually measured in terms of standard errors for particular indicators (means, proportions etc). Standard error is the square root of the variance of the estimate. The Taylor linearization method is used for the estimation of standard errors.
• Coefficient of variation (se/r) is the ratio of the standard error to the value of the indicator, and is a measure of the relative sampling error.
• Design effect (deff) is the ratio of the actual variance of an indicator, under the sampling method used in the survey, to the variance calculated under the assumption of simple random sampling. The square root of the design effect (deft) is used to show the efficiency of the sample design in relation to the precision. A deft value of 1.0 indicates that the sample design is as efficient as a simple random sample, while a deft value above 1.0 indicates the increase in the standard error due to the use of a more complex sample design.
• Confidence limits are calculated to show the interval within which the true value for the population can be reasonably assumed to fall, with a specified level of confidence. For any given statistic calculated from the survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error (r + 2.se or r – 2.se) of the statistic in 95 percent of all possible samples of identical size and design.
For the calculation of sampling errors from MICS data, SPSS Version 18 Complex Samples module has been used. The results are shown in the tables that follow. In addition to the sampling error measures described above, the tables also include weighted and unweighted counts of denominators for each indicator.
Sampling errors are calculated for indicators of primary interest, for the national level, for the regions, and for urban and rural areas. Eight of the selected indicators are based household members, eighteen are based on women, and twelve are based on children under-five. All indicators presented here are in the form of proportions.
Data Appraisal
A series of data quality tables are available to review the quality of the data and include the following:
- Age distribution of the household population
- Age distribution of eligible and interviewed women
- Age distribution of children under 5 in household and children under 5 questionnaires
- Women’s completion rates by socio-economic characteristics of households
- Completion rates for under-five questionnaires by socio-economic characteristics of households
- Completeness of reporting
- Completeness of information for anthropometric indicators
- Heaping in anthropometric measurements
- Observation of places for hand washing
- Observation of women's health cards
- Observation of children under 5 birth certificates
- Presence of mother in the household and the person interviewed for the under-5 questionnaire
- School attendance by single age
- Sex ratio at birth among children ever born and living
The results of each of these data quality tables are shown in appendix D in document "Bhutan Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2010 - Final Report" pp.240-251.
- Age distribution of the household population
- Age distribution of eligible and interviewed women
- Age distribution of children under 5 in household and children under 5 questionnaires
- Women’s completion rates by socio-economic characteristics of households
- Completion rates for under-five questionnaires by socio-economic characteristics of households
- Completeness of reporting
- Completeness of information for anthropometric indicators
- Heaping in anthropometric measurements
- Observation of places for hand washing
- Observation of women's health cards
- Observation of children under 5 birth certificates
- Presence of mother in the household and the person interviewed for the under-5 questionnaire
- School attendance by single age
- Sex ratio at birth among children ever born and living
The results of each of these data quality tables are shown in appendix D in document "Bhutan Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2010 - Final Report" pp.240-251.
Access policy
Contacts
| Name | Affiliation | URL | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kuenga Tshering | National Statistical Bureau of Bhutan | ktshering@nsb.gov.bt | |
| Dr. Gepke Hingst | UNICEF | ghingst@unicef.org | |
| Kinlay Penjor | UNICEF | kpenjor@unicef.org | |
| The World Bank Microdata Library | The World Bank | microdata@worldbank.org | Link |
Confidentiality
Users of the data agree to keep confidential all data contained in these datasets and to make no attempt to identify, trace or contact any individual whose data is included in these datasets.
Citation requirements
Use of the dataset must be acknowledged using a citation which would include:
- the Identification of the Primary Investigator
- the title of the survey (including country, acronym and year of implementation)
- the survey reference number
- the source and date of download
Example:
United Nations Children's Fund, National Statistics Bureau of Bhutan. Bhutan Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) 2010, Ref. BTN_2010_MICS_v01_M. Dataset downloaded from [url] on [date].
- the Identification of the Primary Investigator
- the title of the survey (including country, acronym and year of implementation)
- the survey reference number
- the source and date of download
Example:
United Nations Children's Fund, National Statistics Bureau of Bhutan. Bhutan Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) 2010, Ref. BTN_2010_MICS_v01_M. Dataset downloaded from [url] on [date].
Access authority
| Name | Affiliation | URL | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Childinfo | UNICEF | mics@unicef.org | Link |
Disclaimer and copyrights
Disclaimer
The user of the data acknowledges that the original collector of the data, the authorized distributor of the data, and the relevant funding agency bear no responsibility for use of the data or for interpretations or inferences based upon such uses.
Metadata production
DDI Document ID
DDI_BTN_2010_MICS_v01_M
Producers
| Name | Abbreviation | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|---|
| Development Data Group | DECDG | The World Bank | Documentation of the DDI |
Date of Metadata Production
2013-02-01
DDI Document version
Version 01 (February 2013)