Microenterprise Growth and the Flypaper Effect, Randomized Experiment 2008-2010
Ghana, 2008 - 2010
Get Microdata
Reference ID
GHA_2008_MGFERE_v01_M
Producer(s)
David McKenzie, Marcel Fafchamps, Simon Quinn, Christopher Woodruff
Collection(s)
Metadata
Created on
Apr 23, 2015
Last modified
Apr 23, 2015
Page views
163828
Downloads
12317
(networks_stopwatch)
Data file: GhanaRound2Single_la
Overview
Valid:
819
Invalid:
0
Type:
Discrete
Start:
2060
End:
2067
Width:
8
Range:
-
Format:
character
Questions and instructions
Categories
| Value | Category | Cases | |
|---|---|---|---|
| . | 10 |
1.2%
|
|
| 00:00:06 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:00:14 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:00:32 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:00:42 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:00:50 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:00:51 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:00:57 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:00:58 | 3 |
0.4%
|
|
| 00:01:01 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:01:13 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:01:15 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:01:16 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:01:19 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:01:25 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:01:33 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:01:34 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:01:35 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:01:37 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:01:38 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:01:39 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:01:40 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:01:43 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:01:44 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:01:45 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:01:46 | 3 |
0.4%
|
|
| 00:01:47 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:01:48 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:01:49 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:01:51 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:01:53 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:01:54 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:01:55 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:01:56 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:01:57 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:01:59 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:02:00 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:02:02 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:02:03 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:02:06 | 3 |
0.4%
|
|
| 00:02:07 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:02:08 | 3 |
0.4%
|
|
| 00:02:13 | 5 |
0.6%
|
|
| 00:02:16 | 4 |
0.5%
|
|
| 00:02:17 | 4 |
0.5%
|
|
| 00:02:18 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:02:19 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:02:20 | 3 |
0.4%
|
|
| 00:02:21 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:02:23 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:02:25 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:02:26 | 3 |
0.4%
|
|
| 00:02:27 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:02:28 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:02:29 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:02:30 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:02:32 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:02:33 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:02:34 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:02:36 | 3 |
0.4%
|
|
| 00:02:37 | 6 |
0.7%
|
|
| 00:02:38 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:02:39 | 4 |
0.5%
|
|
| 00:02:41 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:02:42 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:02:43 | 3 |
0.4%
|
|
| 00:02:44 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:02:46 | 4 |
0.5%
|
|
| 00:02:47 | 4 |
0.5%
|
|
| 00:02:48 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:02:49 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:02:50 | 3 |
0.4%
|
|
| 00:02:51 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:02:52 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:02:53 | 4 |
0.5%
|
|
| 00:02:54 | 3 |
0.4%
|
|
| 00:02:55 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:02:56 | 3 |
0.4%
|
|
| 00:02:58 | 6 |
0.7%
|
|
| 00:02:59 | 4 |
0.5%
|
|
| 00:03:00 | 5 |
0.6%
|
|
| 00:03:01 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:03:02 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:03:03 | 4 |
0.5%
|
|
| 00:03:04 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:03:06 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:03:07 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:03:08 | 3 |
0.4%
|
|
| 00:03:09 | 3 |
0.4%
|
|
| 00:03:10 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:03:12 | 4 |
0.5%
|
|
| 00:03:14 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:03:15 | 3 |
0.4%
|
|
| 00:03:17 | 3 |
0.4%
|
|
| 00:03:18 | 5 |
0.6%
|
|
| 00:03:19 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:03:20 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:03:22 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:03:23 | 4 |
0.5%
|
|
| 00:03:24 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:03:25 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:03:26 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:03:27 | 4 |
0.5%
|
|
| 00:03:29 | 3 |
0.4%
|
|
| 00:03:30 | 3 |
0.4%
|
|
| 00:03:31 | 5 |
0.6%
|
|
| 00:03:32 | 3 |
0.4%
|
|
| 00:03:33 | 3 |
0.4%
|
|
| 00:03:34 | 3 |
0.4%
|
|
| 00:03:37 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:03:38 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:03:39 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:03:40 | 3 |
0.4%
|
|
| 00:03:41 | 3 |
0.4%
|
|
| 00:03:42 | 3 |
0.4%
|
|
| 00:03:43 | 4 |
0.5%
|
|
| 00:03:44 | 4 |
0.5%
|
|
| 00:03:45 | 3 |
0.4%
|
|
| 00:03:47 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:03:48 | 4 |
0.5%
|
|
| 00:03:49 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:03:50 | 6 |
0.7%
|
|
| 00:03:51 | 4 |
0.5%
|
|
| 00:03:52 | 7 |
0.9%
|
|
| 00:03:53 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:03:54 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:03:55 | 4 |
0.5%
|
|
| 00:03:56 | 4 |
0.5%
|
|
| 00:03:57 | 4 |
0.5%
|
|
| 00:03:58 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:03:59 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:04:00 | 3 |
0.4%
|
|
| 00:04:01 | 3 |
0.4%
|
|
| 00:04:02 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:04:03 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:04:04 | 6 |
0.7%
|
|
| 00:04:05 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:04:06 | 3 |
0.4%
|
|
| 00:04:07 | 3 |
0.4%
|
|
| 00:04:08 | 3 |
0.4%
|
|
| 00:04:09 | 4 |
0.5%
|
|
| 00:04:10 | 6 |
0.7%
|
|
| 00:04:11 | 4 |
0.5%
|
|
| 00:04:12 | 3 |
0.4%
|
|
| 00:04:14 | 3 |
0.4%
|
|
| 00:04:15 | 5 |
0.6%
|
|
| 00:04:16 | 3 |
0.4%
|
|
| 00:04:17 | 3 |
0.4%
|
|
| 00:04:18 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:04:20 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:04:21 | 3 |
0.4%
|
|
| 00:04:22 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:04:23 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:04:24 | 4 |
0.5%
|
|
| 00:04:25 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:04:26 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:04:29 | 3 |
0.4%
|
|
| 00:04:30 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:04:32 | 3 |
0.4%
|
|
| 00:04:33 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:04:34 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:04:35 | 4 |
0.5%
|
|
| 00:04:36 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:04:37 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:04:38 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:04:39 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:04:40 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:04:41 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:04:42 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:04:43 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:04:44 | 3 |
0.4%
|
|
| 00:04:45 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:04:46 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:04:47 | 5 |
0.6%
|
|
| 00:04:48 | 3 |
0.4%
|
|
| 00:04:49 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:04:50 | 6 |
0.7%
|
|
| 00:04:51 | 5 |
0.6%
|
|
| 00:04:52 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:04:54 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:04:55 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:04:56 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:04:57 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:04:58 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:05:00 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:05:01 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:05:02 | 3 |
0.4%
|
|
| 00:05:03 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:05:04 | 3 |
0.4%
|
|
| 00:05:05 | 5 |
0.6%
|
|
| 00:05:06 | 4 |
0.5%
|
|
| 00:05:07 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:05:09 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:05:11 | 3 |
0.4%
|
|
| 00:05:12 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:05:13 | 3 |
0.4%
|
|
| 00:05:14 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:05:15 | 6 |
0.7%
|
|
| 00:05:16 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:05:17 | 3 |
0.4%
|
|
| 00:05:18 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:05:19 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:05:20 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:05:21 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:05:22 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:05:23 | 3 |
0.4%
|
|
| 00:05:24 | 4 |
0.5%
|
|
| 00:05:25 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:05:26 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:05:27 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:05:28 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:05:29 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:05:31 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:05:32 | 3 |
0.4%
|
|
| 00:05:33 | 3 |
0.4%
|
|
| 00:05:36 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:05:37 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:05:38 | 3 |
0.4%
|
|
| 00:05:39 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:05:43 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:05:44 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:05:45 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:05:46 | 5 |
0.6%
|
|
| 00:05:47 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:05:51 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:05:52 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:05:53 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:05:54 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:05:55 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:05:56 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:05:57 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:06:00 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:06:01 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:06:02 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:06:06 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:06:08 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:06:10 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:06:11 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:06:13 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:06:14 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:06:15 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:06:16 | 4 |
0.5%
|
|
| 00:06:17 | 4 |
0.5%
|
|
| 00:06:18 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:06:20 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:06:22 | 3 |
0.4%
|
|
| 00:06:23 | 3 |
0.4%
|
|
| 00:06:24 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:06:25 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:06:27 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:06:28 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:06:29 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:06:30 | 3 |
0.4%
|
|
| 00:06:32 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:06:33 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:06:36 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:06:37 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:06:38 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:06:39 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:06:40 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:06:41 | 3 |
0.4%
|
|
| 00:06:42 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:06:44 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:06:47 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:06:48 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:06:50 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:06:51 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:06:54 | 5 |
0.6%
|
|
| 00:06:57 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:06:58 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:07:00 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:07:01 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:07:03 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:07:04 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:07:05 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:07:06 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:07:12 | 4 |
0.5%
|
|
| 00:07:13 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:07:14 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:07:15 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:07:17 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:07:19 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:07:20 | 3 |
0.4%
|
|
| 00:07:21 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:07:22 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:07:23 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:07:26 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:07:27 | 3 |
0.4%
|
|
| 00:07:29 | 4 |
0.5%
|
|
| 00:07:30 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:07:31 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:07:32 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:07:35 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:07:36 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:07:38 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:07:41 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:07:42 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:07:43 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:07:45 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:07:49 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:07:51 | 4 |
0.5%
|
|
| 00:07:52 | 3 |
0.4%
|
|
| 00:07:55 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:07:56 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:07:57 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:07:58 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:08:01 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:08:02 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:08:04 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:08:05 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:08:06 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:08:08 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:08:09 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:08:12 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:08:13 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:08:15 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:08:16 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:08:20 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:08:22 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:08:26 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:08:34 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:08:35 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:08:36 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:08:38 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:08:40 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:08:42 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:08:43 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:08:44 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:08:47 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:08:50 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:08:51 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:08:52 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:08:53 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:08:55 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:08:57 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:08:58 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:08:59 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:09:01 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:09:02 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:09:05 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:09:11 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:09:12 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:09:19 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:09:22 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:09:23 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:09:25 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:09:28 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:09:31 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:09:34 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:09:43 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:09:45 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:09:47 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:09:48 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:09:52 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:09:54 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:09:55 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:09:57 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:09:58 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:09:59 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:10:00 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:10:03 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:10:05 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:10:06 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:10:09 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:10:12 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:10:24 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:10:25 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:10:32 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:10:33 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:10:34 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:10:36 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:10:43 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:10:44 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:10:57 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:11:00 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:11:02 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:11:03 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:11:05 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:11:07 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:11:09 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:11:10 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:11:13 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:11:14 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:11:19 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:11:26 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:11:28 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:11:29 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:11:46 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:11:51 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:12:11 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:12:20 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:12:22 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:12:23 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:12:25 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:12:28 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:12:37 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:12:43 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:12:52 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:13:00 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:13:01 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:13:05 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:13:33 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:13:35 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:13:36 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:13:48 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:13:49 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:13:56 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:13:57 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:14:06 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:14:13 | 2 |
0.2%
|
|
| 00:14:14 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:14:23 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:14:29 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:14:31 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:14:43 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:15:22 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:15:27 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:16:08 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:16:10 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:16:31 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:16:33 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:17:03 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:17:19 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:18:14 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:18:31 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:19:20 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:19:38 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:19:40 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:22:31 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:26:12 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:28:46 | 1 |
0.1%
|
|
| 00:32:01 | 1 |
0.1%
|
Warning: these figures indicate the number of cases found in the data file. They cannot be interpreted as summary statistics of the population of interest.