| Author(s) |
Ministry of Health and Population, Cairo, Egypt El-Zanaty and Associates, Cairo, Egypt The DHS Program, ICF International, Rockville, Maryland |
| Table of contents |
TABLES AND FIGURES .................................................................................................................................. vii
PREFACE ........................................................................................................................................................... xv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................................................ xvii
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL INDICATORS ........................................................................... xix
MAP OF EGYPT ................................................................................................................................................ xx
1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Geography .................................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Population Size and Structure .................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Recent Rate of Natural Increase ................................................................................................. 1
1.4 Organization of the 2014 EDHS ................................................................................................ 2
1.4.1 2014 EDHS Timetable ................................................................................................. 3
1.4.2 Sample Design ............................................................................................................. 4
1.4.3 Sample Selection ......................................................................................................... 4
1.4.4 Questionnaire Development ........................................................................................ 5
1.4.5 Pretest .......................................................................................................................... 6
1.4.6 Data Collection Activities ............................................................................................ 6
1.4.7 Data Processing Activities ........................................................................................... 8
1.5 Survey Coverage ........................................................................................................................ 8
2 CHARACTERISTICS OF HOUSEHOLDS ...................................................................................... 11
2.1 Housing Characteristics ........................................................................................................... 12
2.1.1 Drinking Water Access and Treatment ...................................................................... 12
2.1.2 Sanitation Facilities and Waste Disposal ................................................................... 14
2.1.3 Other Dwelling Characteristics .................................................................................. 16
2.2 Household Possessions ............................................................................................................ 17
2.3 Household Wealth .................................................................................................................... 19
2.4 Hand Washing .......................................................................................................................... 20
2.5 Characteristics of the Household Population ........................................................................... 21
2.5.1 Age and Sex Composition ......................................................................................... 21
2.5.2 Household Composition ............................................................................................ 23
2.6 Education of the Household Population ................................................................................... 23
3 BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS ...................................................... 27
3.1 Background Characteristics of Ever-married Women ............................................................. 27
3.2 Educational Attainment by Background Characteristics .......................................................... 29
3.3 Literacy .................................................................................................................................... 30
3.4 Exposure to Broadcast, Print, and Digital Media ..................................................................... 31
3.5 Employment Status .................................................................................................................. 34
3.5.1 Current Employment ................................................................................................. 34
3.5.2 Occupation ................................................................................................................. 35
3.5.3 Type of Employment ................................................................................................. 37
4 FERTILITY .......................................................................................................................................... 39
4.1 Current Fertility Levels ............................................................................................................ 39
4.2 Differentials in Current and Cumulative Fertility .................................................................... 41
4.3 Fertility Trends ......................................................................................................................... 42
4.3.1 Retrospective Data ..................................................................................................... 42
4.3.2 Comparison with Previous Surveys ........................................................................... 43
4.4 Children Ever Born and Living ................................................................................................ 45
4.5 Birth Intervals .......................................................................................................................... 46
4.5.1 Intervals between Births ............................................................................................ 46
4.5.2 Attitudes about the Ideal Birth Interval ..................................................................... 48
4.6 Age at First Birth ..................................................................................................................... 49
4.7 Teenage Pregnancy and Motherhood ....................................................................................... 50
5 FERTILITY PREFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 53
5.1 Desire for More Children ......................................................................................................... 53
5.2 Ideal Number of Children ........................................................................................................ 56
5.3 Unplanned and Unwanted Fertility .......................................................................................... 58
6 FAMILY PLANNING ......................................................................................................................... 61
6.1 Knowledge of Family Planning Methods ................................................................................. 61
6.2 Knowledge of Fertile Period .................................................................................................... 62
6.3 Knowledge of Breastfeeding as a Family Planning Method .................................................... 62
6.4 Attitudes toward Timing of Use of Family Planning ............................................................... 65
6.5 Current Use of Family Planning .............................................................................................. 65
6.5.1 Differentials in Current Use of Family Planning by Residence ................................. 66
6.5.2 Demographic and Socioeconomic Differentials ........................................................ 67
6.6 Trends in Current Use of Family Planning .............................................................................. 69
6.6.1 Trends in Current Use Since 1980 ............................................................................. 69
6.6.2 Trends in Method Mix ............................................................................................... 70
6.6.3 Trends by Residence .................................................................................................. 71
6.7 Sources for Modern Family Planning Methods ....................................................................... 71
6.7.1 Sources by Method .................................................................................................... 71
6.7.2 Sources by Method and Residence ............................................................................ 72
6.7.3 Trends in Sources of Modern Methods ...................................................................... 74
6.8 Pill Brands ................................................................................................................................ 74
6.9 Participation in Family Planning Decision Making ................................................................. 75
6.10 Informed Choice ...................................................................................................................... 77
6.11 Contraceptive Discontinuation Rates ....................................................................................... 79
6.12 Reasons for Discontinuation of Contraceptive Use ................................................................. 80
6.13 Unmet Need for Family Planning ............................................................................................ 81
6.14 Reasons for Nonuse ................................................................................................................. 83
6.15 Intention to Use Contraception in the Future and Preferred Method ....................................... 84
6.16 Contact of Nonusers with Outreach Workers/Health Care Providers ...................................... 85
6.17 Exposure to Family Planning Messages ................................................................................... 86
7 PROXIMATE DETERMINANTS OF FERTILITY ........................................................................ 89
7.1 Marital Status ........................................................................................................................... 90
7.2 Consanguinity .......................................................................................................................... 91
7.3 Age at First Marriage ............................................................................................................... 92
7.4 Postpartum Amenorrhea, Abstinence, and Insusceptibility ..................................................... 94
7.5 Termination of Exposure to Pregnancy .................................................................................... 97
8 INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY ............................................................................................... 99
8.1 Assessment of Data Quality ..................................................................................................... 99
8.2 Levels and Trends in Early Childhood Mortality ................................................................... 100
8.2.1 Levels of Mortality .................................................................................................. 101
8.2.2 Trends in Mortality Based on Retrospective Data ................................................... 101
8.2.3 Trends in Mortality Based on Data from Multiple Surveys ..................................... 101
8.3 Differentials in Mortality ....................................................................................................... 102
8.3.1 Socioeconomic Differentials .................................................................................... 103
8.3.2 Demographic Differentials ...................................................................................... 104
8.4 Perinatal Mortality ................................................................................................................. 105
8.5 High-Risk Fertility Behavior.................................................................................................. 106
9 MATERNAL HEALTH ..................................................................................................................... 109
9.1 Antenatal Care ....................................................................................................................... 109
9.1.1 Antenatal Care Coverage ......................................................................................... 109
9.1.2 Tetanus Toxoid Coverage ........................................................................................ 112
9.1.3 Content of Pregnancy Care ...................................................................................... 113
9.2 Delivery Care ......................................................................................................................... 115
9.2.1 Place of Delivery ..................................................................................................... 115
9.2.2 Assistance at Delivery ............................................................................................. 117
9.2.3 Caesarean Deliveries ............................................................................................... 119
9.3 Trends in Antenatal and Delivery Care .................................................................................. 119
9.4 Postnatal Care ........................................................................................................................ 121
9.4.1 Postnatal Checkup for the Mother ........................................................................... 121
9.4.2 Postnatal Checkup for the Baby ............................................................................... 124
10 OTHER HEALTH ISSUES ............................................................................................................... 129
10.1 Women’s Access to Health Care ............................................................................................ 129
10.2 Health Insurance Coverage .................................................................................................... 131
10.3 Sexually Transmitted Infections ............................................................................................ 132
10.4 Knowledge of HIV/AIDS ...................................................................................................... 133
10.5 Knowledge of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV ........................................................... 136
10.6 Accepting Attitudes towards People Living with AIDS ........................................................ 137
10.7 Knowledge of a Source for HIV Testing ............................................................................... 138
10.8 Sources of Information about AIDS ...................................................................................... 139
11 CHILD HEALTH ............................................................................................................................... 141
11.1 Child Size and Weight at Birth .............................................................................................. 141
11.2 Immunization of Children ...................................................................................................... 142
11.2.1 Collection of Immunization Data in the 2014 EDHS .............................................. 143
11.2.2 Routine Immunization against Common Childhood Illnesses ................................. 143
11.3 Acute Respiratory Infection ................................................................................................... 146
11.3.1 Prevalence of ARI .................................................................................................... 146
11.3.2 Consultation, Treatment, and Feeding Practices ...................................................... 147
11.3.3 Differentials in ARI Prevalence and Responses to the Illness ................................. 148
11.4 Fever ...................................................................................................................................... 149
11.5 Diarrhea ................................................................................................................................. 150
11.5.1 Prevalence of Diarrhea............................................................................................. 151
11.5.2 Consultation, Treatment, and Feeding Practices ...................................................... 151
11.5.3 Differentials in Feeding and Treatment Practices during Diarrheal Episodes ......... 153
11.6 Disposal of Children’s Stools................................................................................................. 156
12 NUTRITION OF CHILDREN, YOUTH, AND WOMEN ............................................................. 157
12.1 Breastfeeding and Supplementation ....................................................................................... 157
12.1.1 Initiation of Breastfeeding ....................................................................................... 158
12.1.2 Introduction of Complementary Feeding ................................................................. 160
12.1.3 Median Durations and Frequency of Breastfeeding ................................................. 163
12.2 Dietary Diversity among Children ......................................................................................... 163
12.2.1 Foods and Liquids Consumed by Infants and Young Children ............................... 164
12.2.2 Appropriate Infant and Young Child Feeding ......................................................... 165
12.3 Micronutrient Supplementation among Young Children ....................................................... 167
12.3.1 Use of Iodized Salt ................................................................................................... 167
12.3.2 Micronutrient Intake among Young Children .......................................................... 168
12.3.3 Micronutrient Intake among Mothers ...................................................................... 171
12.4 Nutritional Status of Young Children, Youth, and Women ................................................... 172
12.4.1 Nutritional Status among Young Children............................................................... 173
12.4.2 Nutritional Status among Children Age 5-19 Years ................................................ 176
12.4.3 Nutritional Status among Ever-married Women Age 15-49 .................................... 179
12.5 Anemia Status of Young Children, Youth, and Women ........................................................ 180
12.5.1 Anemia Levels among Children Age 6-59 Months ................................................. 180
12.5.2 Anemia Levels among Children Age 5-19 Years .................................................... 182
12.5.3 Anemia Levels among Ever-married Women Age 15-49 ........................................ 183
13 FEMALE CIRCUMCISION ............................................................................................................. 185
13.1 Prevalence of Female Circumcision among Ever-Married Women ....................................... 185
13.2 Women’s Circumcision Experience ....................................................................................... 186
13.3 Prevalence of Circumcision among Daughters ...................................................................... 187
13.4 Circumcision Experience among Daughters .......................................................................... 191
13.5 Support for the Continuation of Female Circumcision .......................................................... 192
13.6 Attitudes about Female Circumcision .................................................................................... 193
13.7 Exposure to Information about Circumcision ........................................................................ 195
14 CHILD WELFARE ............................................................................................................................ 197
14.1 Birth Registration ................................................................................................................... 197
14.2 Children’s Living Arrangements and Orphanhood ................................................................ 198
14.3 Injuries and Accidents and Disabilities among Young Children ........................................... 199
14.4 Education ............................................................................................................................... 201
14.4.1 Early Childhood Education ...................................................................................... 201
14.4.2 Primary and Secondary School Education ............................................................... 202
14.5 Child Labor ............................................................................................................................ 204
14.6 Child Discipline ..................................................................................................................... 210
14.7 Child Care Arrangements ....................................................................................................... 212
15 WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT AND DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH OUTCOMES .......... 215
15.1 Employment and Form of Earnings ....................................................................................... 215
15.2 Control over Cash Earnings and Relative Magnitude of Earnings ......................................... 216
15.2.1 Women’s Control over Her Cash Earnings .............................................................. 216
15.2.2 Control over Husband’s Cash Earnings ................................................................... 217
15.2.3 Women’s Earnings Relative to their Husband’s Earnings ....................................... 218
15.3 Women’s Ownership of Selected Assets ............................................................................... 219
15.4 Women’s Participation in Decision-making .......................................................................... 220
15.5 Attitude towards Wife Beating ............................................................................................... 222
15.6 Women’s Empowerment Indicators ....................................................................................... 224
15.7 Current Use of Contraception by Women’s Status ................................................................ 224
15.8 Ideal Family Size and Unmet Need by Women’s Status ....................................................... 225
15.9 Reproductive Health Care and Women’s Empowerment ...................................................... 226
16 DOMESTIC VIOLENCE .................................................................................................................. 229
16.1 Factors Associated with Domestic Violence .......................................................................... 230
16.2 Spousal Violence ................................................................................................................... 233
16.2.1 Levels of Spousal Violence ..................................................................................... 233
16.2.2 Spousal Violence by Background Characteristics ................................................... 235
16.3 Recent Experience of Spousal Violence ................................................................................ 239
16.4 Onset of Spousal Violence ..................................................................................................... 240
16.5 Injuries Resulting from Marital Violence .............................................................................. 240
16.6 Physical Violence Involving Any Perpetrator ........................................................................ 241
16.6.1 Prevalence of Physical Violence .............................................................................. 241
16.6.2 Perpetrators of Physical Violence ............................................................................ 242
16.7 Violence during Pregnancy .................................................................................................... 243
16.8 Help-seeking Behavior ........................................................................................................... 243
REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................. 247
APPENDIX A GOVERNORATE TABLES ............................................................................................... 251
APPENDIX B SAMPLE DESIGN ............................................................................................................... 287
B.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 287
B.2 Sampling Frame ..................................................................................................................... 287
B.3 Sample Design and Selection ................................................................................................. 288
B.4 Sample Implementation ......................................................................................................... 293
B.5 Sampling Weights .................................................................................................................. 295
APPENDIX C SAMPLING ERROR TABLES .......................................................................................... 297
APPENDIX D DATA QUALITY TABLES ................................................................................................ 337
APPENDIX E PERSONS INVOLVED IN THE 2014 EGYPT DEMOGRAPHIC AND
HEALTH SURVEY ............................................................................................................. 345
APPENDIX F QUESTIONNAIRES ........................................................................................................... 349 |
