Malaria Indicator Survey 2016
Ghana, 2016
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Reference ID
GHA_2016_MIS_v01_M
Producer(s)
Ghana Statistical Service (GSS)
Collection(s)
Metadata
Created on
Aug 11, 2017
Last modified
Aug 15, 2017
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Identification
Survey ID Number
GHA_2016_MIS_v01_M
Title
Malaria Indicator Survey 2016
Country/Economy
| Name | Country code |
|---|---|
| Ghana | GHA |
Study type
Demographic and Health Survey, MIS
Series Information
The 2016 Ghana Malaria Indicator Survey (GMIS 2016) was the first independent Malaria Indicator Survey conducted in Ghana. In 2008 and 2014, Ghana implemented DHS surveys that included the primary malaria indicators. The 2016 GMIS used a nationally representative sample of 200 clusters and about 6000 households.
Abstract
The 2016 Ghana Malaria Indicator Survey (2016 GMIS) was implemented by the Ghana Statistical Service (GSS), in close collaboration with the Ghana National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP), and the National Public Health Reference Laboratory (NPHRL) of the Ghana Health Service. The survey used a nationally representative sample of 200 clusters and about 6000 households.
The primary objective of the 2016 GMIS is to provide current estimates of key malaria indicators. Specific objectives were:
- To measure the extent of ownership and use of mosquito bednets
- To assess coverage of intermittent preventive treatment to protect pregnant women
- To identify practices and specific medications used for treating malaria among children under age 5
- To measure indicators of behaviour change communication messages, knowledge, and practices about malaria
- To measure the prevalence of malaria and anaemia among children age 6-59 months
The findings from the 2016 GMIS will assist policy makers and program managers in evaluating and designing programs and strategies for improving malaria control interventions in Ghana.
The primary objective of the 2016 GMIS is to provide current estimates of key malaria indicators. Specific objectives were:
- To measure the extent of ownership and use of mosquito bednets
- To assess coverage of intermittent preventive treatment to protect pregnant women
- To identify practices and specific medications used for treating malaria among children under age 5
- To measure indicators of behaviour change communication messages, knowledge, and practices about malaria
- To measure the prevalence of malaria and anaemia among children age 6-59 months
The findings from the 2016 GMIS will assist policy makers and program managers in evaluating and designing programs and strategies for improving malaria control interventions in Ghana.
Kind of Data
Sample survey data [ssd]
Unit of Analysis
- Household
- Individual
- Children age 0-5
- Woman age 15-49
- Individual
- Children age 0-5
- Woman age 15-49
Scope
Notes
The 2016 Ghana Malaria Indicator Survey covered the following topics:
HOUSEHOLD
• Identification
• Usual members and visitors in the selected households
• Background information on each person listed, such as relationship to head of the household, age, and sex
• Characteristics of the household's dwelling unit, such as the source of water, type of toilet facilities, type of fuel used for cooking, number of rooms, ownsership of livestock, possessions of durable goods, mosquito nets, and main material for the floor, roof and walls of the dwelling.
INDIVIDUAL WOMAN
• Identification
• Respondent's background
• Reproduction
• Pregnancy and intermittent preventive treatment
• Fever in children
BIOMARKER
• Identification
• Hemoglobin measurement and malaria testing for children age 0-5
FIELDWORKER
• Background information on each fieldworker
HOUSEHOLD
• Identification
• Usual members and visitors in the selected households
• Background information on each person listed, such as relationship to head of the household, age, and sex
• Characteristics of the household's dwelling unit, such as the source of water, type of toilet facilities, type of fuel used for cooking, number of rooms, ownsership of livestock, possessions of durable goods, mosquito nets, and main material for the floor, roof and walls of the dwelling.
INDIVIDUAL WOMAN
• Identification
• Respondent's background
• Reproduction
• Pregnancy and intermittent preventive treatment
• Fever in children
BIOMARKER
• Identification
• Hemoglobin measurement and malaria testing for children age 0-5
FIELDWORKER
• Background information on each fieldworker
Coverage
Geographic Coverage
National coverage
Geographic Unit
Urban and rural, and 10 administrative regions (Western, Central, Greater Accra, Volta, Eastern, Ashanti, Brong Ahafo, Northern, Upper East and Upper West)
Universe
The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), women age 15-49 years and children age 6-59 months resident in the household.
Producers and sponsors
Primary investigators
| Name | Affiliation |
|---|---|
| Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) | Government of Ghana |
Producers
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| National Malaria Control Programme | Government of Ghana | Collaborated in the implementation of the study |
| National Public Health Reference Laboratory | Government of Ghana | Collaborated in the implementation of the study |
| ICF | The DHS Program | Provided technical assistance |
Funding Agency/Sponsor
| Name | Abbreviation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Government of Ghana | GovGHA | Funded the study |
| United States Agency for International Development | USAID | Funded the study |
| Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria | GF | Funded the study |
Sampling
Sampling Procedure
The sampling frame used for the 2016 GMIS is the frame of the 2010 Population and Housing Census (PHC) conducted in Ghana. The 2010 PHC frame is being maintained by GSS and updated periodically as new information is received from various surveys. The frame is a complete list of all census enumeration areas (EAs) created for the PHC. An EA is a geographic area that covers an average of 145 households. The EA size is the number of residential households in the EA according to the 2010 PHC. The average size of urban EAs is slightly larger than the average size of rural EAs; the urban EA average size is 185 households compared with an average size of 114 households in rural EAs. The sampling frame contains information about the EAs location, type of residence (urban or rural), and the estimated number of residential households.
The 2016 GMIS sample was stratified and selected from the sampling frame in two stages. Each region was separated into urban and rural areas; this yielded 20 sampling strata. Samples of EAs were selected independently in each stratum in two stages. Implicit stratification and proportional allocation were achieved at each of the lower administrative levels by sorting the sampling frame within each sampling stratum before the sample selection, according to administrative units in different levels, and by using a probability proportional to size selection at the first stage of sampling.
For further details on sample design, see Appendix A of the final report.
The 2016 GMIS sample was stratified and selected from the sampling frame in two stages. Each region was separated into urban and rural areas; this yielded 20 sampling strata. Samples of EAs were selected independently in each stratum in two stages. Implicit stratification and proportional allocation were achieved at each of the lower administrative levels by sorting the sampling frame within each sampling stratum before the sample selection, according to administrative units in different levels, and by using a probability proportional to size selection at the first stage of sampling.
For further details on sample design, see Appendix A of the final report.
Response Rate
A total of 6,003 households were selected for the survey of which 5,929 were occupied at the time of fieldwork. Among the occupied households, 5,841 were successfully interviewed, for a response rate of 99%. In the interviewed households, 5,186 eligible women were identified for individual interview and 5,150 were successfully interviewed, for a response rate of 99%.
Weighting
A spreadsheet with all the sampling parameters and selection probabilities was prepared to facilitate the calculation of the design weights. Design weights were adjusted for household non-response and individual non-response to obtain the sampling weights, for households and women, respectively. The differences of the household sampling weights and the women's individual sampling weights are introduced by individual non-response. The final sampling weights were normalized in order to achieve the total number of un-weighted cases equal to the total number of weighted cases at national level, for both household weights and the women's individual weights, respectively. The normalized weights are relative weights, which are valid for estimating means, proportions, and ratios, but are not valid for estimating population totals and pooled data. No weights were calculated for children under age 5. For the biomarker indicators for children under age 5, the household weight was applied. For the prevalence of fever and the treatment fever, the child's mother's weight was applied.
For further details on sampling weights, see Appendix A.4 of the final report.
For further details on sampling weights, see Appendix A.4 of the final report.
Data Collection
Dates of Data Collection
| Start | End |
|---|---|
| 2016-10-03 | 2016-12-01 |
Data Collection Mode
Face-to-Face[f2f]
Data Collection Notes
Field data collection was conducted during a 6-week period from 3 October–1 December 2016. Twelve teams were formed, with each including a supervisor, 3 interviewers, a driver, and a health technician. Each team was allocated at least 16 clusters according to local language competency. The team spent an average of 3 days working in a cluster. Information on selected clusters and sampled households was provided to each team for easy location. When eligible respondents were absent from their homes, two or more calls were made to offer respondents the opportunity to participate in the survey. Two officers were responsible for the timely collection of slides and blood samples from the field teams to the NPHRL. In addition to the field supervisors, there were national and regional monitors who supervised field activities and assured the collection and transmission of the blood slides to the laboratory.
Data Collectors
| Name | Abbreviation | Affiliation |
|---|---|---|
| Ghana Statistical Servic | GSS | Government of Ghana |
Questionnaires
Questionnaires
Three types of questionnaires were used for the 2016 GMIS - the Household Questionnaire, the Woman’s Questionnaire, and the Biomarker Questionnaire. The questionnaires were adapted to reflect issues relevant to Ghana. Modifications were determined after a series of meetings with various stakeholders from the National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) and other government ministries and agencies, nongovernmental organisations, and international partners. The questionnaires in English and three local Ghanaian languages (Akan, Ewe, and Ga) were programmed into tablet computers, which enabled the use of computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI) for the survey.
Data Processing
Data Editing
Data for the 2016 GMIS were collected through questionnaires programmed into the CAPI application. The CAPI application was programmed by ICF and loaded into the computers along with the Household, Biomarker, and Woman’s Questionnaires. Using the cloud, the field supervisors transferred data on a daily basis to a central location for data processing in the GSS office located in Accra. To facilitate communication and monitoring, each field worker was assigned a unique identification number.
The Census and Survey Processing (CSPro) system was used for data editing, cleaning, weighting, and tabulation. Data received from the field teams’ CAPI applications were registered and checked for any inconsistencies and outliers at the GSS Head Office. Data editing and cleaning included an extensive range of structural and internal consistency checks. All anomalies were communicated to field teams which resolved data discrepancies. The corrected results were maintained in master CSPro data files at ICF and then used for analysis in producing tables for the final report.
The Census and Survey Processing (CSPro) system was used for data editing, cleaning, weighting, and tabulation. Data received from the field teams’ CAPI applications were registered and checked for any inconsistencies and outliers at the GSS Head Office. Data editing and cleaning included an extensive range of structural and internal consistency checks. All anomalies were communicated to field teams which resolved data discrepancies. The corrected results were maintained in master CSPro data files at ICF and then used for analysis in producing tables for the final report.
Data Appraisal
Estimates of Sampling Error
The sampling frame used for the 2016 GMIS is the frame of the 2010 Population and Housing Census (PHC) conducted in Ghana. The 2010 PHC frame is being maintained by GSS and updated periodically as new information is received from various surveys. The frame is a complete list of all census enumeration areas (EAs) created for the PHC. An EA is a geographic area that covers an average of 145 households. The EA size is the number of residential households in the EA according to the 2010 PHC. The average size of urban EAs is slightly larger than the average size of rural EAs; the urban EA average size is 185 households compared with an average size of 114 households in rural EAs. The sampling frame contains information about the EAs location, type of residence (urban or rural), and the estimated number of residential households.
The 2016 GMIS sample was stratified and selected from the sampling frame in two stages. Each region was separated into urban and rural areas; this yielded 20 sampling strata. Samples of EAs were selected independently in each stratum in two stages. Implicit stratification and proportional allocation were achieved at each of the lower administrative levels by sorting the sampling frame within each sampling stratum before the sample selection, according to administrative units in different levels, and by using a probability proportional to size selection at the first stage of sampling.
A more detailed description of estimates of sampling errors are presented in Appendix B of the survey report.
The 2016 GMIS sample was stratified and selected from the sampling frame in two stages. Each region was separated into urban and rural areas; this yielded 20 sampling strata. Samples of EAs were selected independently in each stratum in two stages. Implicit stratification and proportional allocation were achieved at each of the lower administrative levels by sorting the sampling frame within each sampling stratum before the sample selection, according to administrative units in different levels, and by using a probability proportional to size selection at the first stage of sampling.
A more detailed description of estimates of sampling errors are presented in Appendix B of the survey report.
Data Appraisal
Data Quality Tables
- Household age distribution
- Age distribution of eligible and interviewed women
- Completeness of reporting
- Births by calendar years
Note: See details of the data quality tables in Appendix C of the final report.
- Household age distribution
- Age distribution of eligible and interviewed women
- Completeness of reporting
- Births by calendar years
Note: See details of the data quality tables in Appendix C of the final report.
Access policy
Contacts
Access conditions
Request Dataset Access
The following applies to DHS, MIS, AIS and SPA survey datasets (Surveys, GPS, and HIV).
To request dataset access, you must first be a registered user of the website. You must then create a new research project request. The request must include a project title and a description of the analysis you propose to perform with the data.
The requested data should only be used for the purpose of the research or study. To request the same or different data for another purpose, a new research project request should be submitted. The DHS Program will normally review all data requests within 24 hours (Monday - Friday) and provide notification if access has been granted or additional project information is needed before access can be granted.
DATASET ACCESS APPROVAL PROCESS
Access to DHS, MIS, AIS and SPA survey datasets (Surveys, HIV, and GPS) is requested and granted by country. This means that when approved, full access is granted to all unrestricted survey datasets for that country. Access to HIV and GIS datasets requires an online acknowledgment of the conditions of use.
Required Information
A dataset request must include contact information, a research project title, and a description of the analysis you propose to perform with the data.
Restricted Datasets
A few datasets are restricted and these are noted. Access to restricted datasets is requested online as with other datasets. An additional consent form is required for some datasets, and the form will be emailed to you upon authorization of your account. For other restricted surveys, permission must be granted by the appropriate implementing organizations, before The DHS Program can grant access. You will be emailed the information for contacting the implementing organizations. A few restricted surveys are authorized directly within The DHS Program, upon receipt of an email request.
When The DHS Program receives authorization from the appropriate organizations, the user will be contacted, and the datasets made available by secure FTP.
GPS/HIV Datasets/Other Biomarkers
Because of the sensitive nature of GPS, HIV and other biomarkers datasets, permission to access these datasets requires that you accept a Terms of Use Statement. After selecting GPS/HIV/Other Biomarkers datasets, the user is presented with a consent form which should be signed electronically by entering the password for the user's account.
Dataset Terms of Use
Once downloaded, the datasets must not be passed on to other researchers without the written consent of The DHS Program. All reports and publications based on the requested data must be sent to The DHS Program Data Archive in a Portable Document Format (pdf) or a printed hard copy.
Download Datasets
Datasets are made available for download by survey. You will be presented with a list of surveys for which you have been granted dataset access. After selecting a survey, a list of all available datasets for that survey will be displayed, including all survey, GPS, and HIV data files. However, only data types for which you have been granted access will be accessible. To download, simply click on the files that you wish to download and a "File Download" prompt will guide you through the remaining steps.
The following applies to DHS, MIS, AIS and SPA survey datasets (Surveys, GPS, and HIV).
To request dataset access, you must first be a registered user of the website. You must then create a new research project request. The request must include a project title and a description of the analysis you propose to perform with the data.
The requested data should only be used for the purpose of the research or study. To request the same or different data for another purpose, a new research project request should be submitted. The DHS Program will normally review all data requests within 24 hours (Monday - Friday) and provide notification if access has been granted or additional project information is needed before access can be granted.
DATASET ACCESS APPROVAL PROCESS
Access to DHS, MIS, AIS and SPA survey datasets (Surveys, HIV, and GPS) is requested and granted by country. This means that when approved, full access is granted to all unrestricted survey datasets for that country. Access to HIV and GIS datasets requires an online acknowledgment of the conditions of use.
Required Information
A dataset request must include contact information, a research project title, and a description of the analysis you propose to perform with the data.
Restricted Datasets
A few datasets are restricted and these are noted. Access to restricted datasets is requested online as with other datasets. An additional consent form is required for some datasets, and the form will be emailed to you upon authorization of your account. For other restricted surveys, permission must be granted by the appropriate implementing organizations, before The DHS Program can grant access. You will be emailed the information for contacting the implementing organizations. A few restricted surveys are authorized directly within The DHS Program, upon receipt of an email request.
When The DHS Program receives authorization from the appropriate organizations, the user will be contacted, and the datasets made available by secure FTP.
GPS/HIV Datasets/Other Biomarkers
Because of the sensitive nature of GPS, HIV and other biomarkers datasets, permission to access these datasets requires that you accept a Terms of Use Statement. After selecting GPS/HIV/Other Biomarkers datasets, the user is presented with a consent form which should be signed electronically by entering the password for the user's account.
Dataset Terms of Use
Once downloaded, the datasets must not be passed on to other researchers without the written consent of The DHS Program. All reports and publications based on the requested data must be sent to The DHS Program Data Archive in a Portable Document Format (pdf) or a printed hard copy.
Download Datasets
Datasets are made available for download by survey. You will be presented with a list of surveys for which you have been granted dataset access. After selecting a survey, a list of all available datasets for that survey will be displayed, including all survey, GPS, and HIV data files. However, only data types for which you have been granted access will be accessible. To download, simply click on the files that you wish to download and a "File Download" prompt will guide you through the remaining steps.
Citation requirements
Use of the dataset must be acknowledged using a citation which would include:
- the Identification of the Primary Investigator
- the title of the survey (including country, acronym and year of implementation)
- the survey reference number
- the source and date of download
- the Identification of the Primary Investigator
- the title of the survey (including country, acronym and year of implementation)
- the survey reference number
- the source and date of download
Access authority
| Name | URL | |
|---|---|---|
| The DHS Program | archive@dhsprogram.com | Link |
Disclaimer and copyrights
Disclaimer
The user of the data acknowledges that the original collector of the data, the authorized distributor of the data, and the relevant funding agency bear no responsibility for use of the data or for interpretations or inferences based upon such uses.
Metadata production
DDI Document ID
DDI_GHA_2016_MIS_v01_M_WB
Producers
| Name | Abbreviation | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|---|
| Development Data Group | DECDG | The World Bank | Metadata preparation |
Date of Metadata Production
2017-08-10
DDI Document version
Version 01 (August 2017). Metadata is excerpted from "Ghana Malaria Indicator Survey 2016" Report.