| Table of contents |
TABLES AND FIGURES ........................................................................................................................... ix
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................................... xix
ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................................... xxi
READING AND UNDERSTANDING TABLES FROM THE SOUTH AFRICA DHS
(SADHS) 2016 ......................................................................................................................................... xxiii
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL INDICATORS ................................................................ xxxi
MAP OF SOUTH AFRICA ................................................................................................................... xxxii
1 INTRODUCTION AND SURVEY METHODOLOGY .............................................................. 1
1.1 Survey Objectives ................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 Sample Design ..................................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Questionnaires ..................................................................................................................... 3
1.4 Measuring Iodine Content of Household Salt ..................................................................... 4
1.5 Anthropometry, Anaemia Testing, Blood Pressure Measurement, HbA1c Testing, and HIV Testing .... 5
1.6 Pretest .................................................................................................................................. 7
1.7 Training of Field Staff ......................................................................................................... 7
1.8 Fieldwork ............................................................................................................................. 8
1.9 Data Processing and Analysis .............................................................................................. 8
1.10 Response Rates .................................................................................................................... 9
2 HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS AND HOUSEHOLD POPULATION ............................. 11
2.1 Drinking Water Sources and Treatment ............................................................................ 12
2.2 Sanitation ........................................................................................................................... 13
2.3 Exposure to Smoke inside the Home ................................................................................. 13
2.4 Household Wealth ............................................................................................................. 14
2.5 Handwashing ..................................................................................................................... 14
2.6 Household Population and Composition ........................................................................... 15
2.7 Children’s Living Arrangements and Parental Survival .................................................... 16
2.8 Education ........................................................................................................................... 16
2.8.1 Educational Attainment ....................................................................................... 16
2.8.2 School Attendance ............................................................................................... 17
2.9 Disability ........................................................................................................................... 18
2.9.1 Disability by Domain and Age ............................................................................ 18
2.9.2 Disability by Background Characteristics ............................................................ 19
2.10 Social Grants and Food security ........................................................................................ 19
2.10.1 Social Grants by Background Characteristics ...................................................... 19
2.10.2 Food Security by Background Characteristics ..................................................... 20
3 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS ............................................................................. 35
3.1 Basic Characteristics of Survey Respondents .................................................................... 35
3.2 Education and Literacy ...................................................................................................... 36
3.3 Mass Media Exposure and Internet Usage ........................................................................ 37
3.4 Employment ...................................................................................................................... 38
3.5 Occupation ......................................................................................................................... 39
3.6 Adult Health ...................................................................................................................... 40
4 MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTIVITY .................................................................................. 57
4.1 Marital Status ..................................................................................................................... 57
4.2 Polygyny ............................................................................................................................ 58
4.3 Age at First Union ............................................................................................................. 59
4.4 Age at First Sexual Intercourse ......................................................................................... 59
4.5 Recent Sexual Activity ...................................................................................................... 60
5 FERTILITY ................................................................................................................................... 69
5.1 Current Fertility ................................................................................................................. 69
5.2 Children Ever Born and Living ......................................................................................... 70
5.3 Birth Intervals .................................................................................................................... 71
5.4 Insusceptibility to Pregnancy ............................................................................................. 71
5.5 Age at First Birth ............................................................................................................... 72
5.6 Teenage Childbearing ........................................................................................................ 73
6 FERTILITY PREFERENCES ..................................................................................................... 83
6.1 Desire for Another Child ................................................................................................... 83
6.2 Ideal Family Size ............................................................................................................... 84
6.3 Fertility Planning Status .................................................................................................... 85
6.4 Wanted Fertility Rates ....................................................................................................... 86
7 CONTRACEPTION ..................................................................................................................... 93
7.1 Contraceptive Knowledge and Use ................................................................................... 94
7.2 Source of Modern Contraceptive Methods ........................................................................ 96
7.3 Informed Choice ................................................................................................................ 96
7.4 Discontinuation of Contraceptives .................................................................................... 96
7.5 Demand for Contraception ................................................................................................ 97
7.6 Contact of Nonusers with Family Planning Providers ....................................................... 99
8 INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY ...................................................................................... 117
8.1 Infant and Child Mortality ............................................................................................... 118
8.2 Biodemographic Risk Factors ......................................................................................... 119
8.3 Perinatal Mortality ........................................................................................................... 120
8.4 High-risk Fertility Behaviour .......................................................................................... 120
9 MATERNAL HEALTH CARE ................................................................................................. 127
9.1 Antenatal Care Coverage and Content ............................................................................ 128
9.1.1 Skilled Providers ................................................................................................ 128
9.1.2 Timing and Number of ANC Visits ................................................................... 129
9.2 Components of ANC Visits ............................................................................................. 129
9.3 Protection against Neonatal Tetanus ............................................................................... 129
9.4 Delivery Services ............................................................................................................. 130
9.4.1 Institutional Deliveries ....................................................................................... 130
9.4.2 Skilled Assistance during Delivery .................................................................... 131
9.4.3 Delivery by Caesarean ....................................................................................... 132
9.5 Postnatal Care .................................................................................................................. 133
9.5.1 Postnatal Health Check for Mothers .................................................................. 133
9.5.2 Postnatal Health Check for Newborns ............................................................... 134
9.5.3 Content of Postnatal Care for Newborns ........................................................... 134
9.5.4 Discharge Timing of Newborns and Mothers .................................................... 135
10 CHILD HEALTH ........................................................................................................................ 149
10.1 Birth Weight .................................................................................................................... 150
10.2 Vaccination of Children ................................................................................................... 150
10.3 Symptoms of Acute Respiratory Infection ...................................................................... 154
10.4 Fever ................................................................................................................................ 154
10.5 Diarrhoeal Disease ........................................................................................................... 155
10.5.1 Prevalence of Diarrhoea and Treatment-Seeking Behaviour ............................. 155
10.5.2 Feeding Practices during an Episode of Diarrhoea ............................................ 156
10.5.3 Oral Rehydration Therapy and Other Treatments .............................................. 157
10.5.4 Knowledge of ORS Packets and Clinic-Recommended Homemade Fluids ...... 158
10.6 Prevalence and Treatment of Childhood Illness—Summary ........................................... 158
11 NUTRITION OF CHILDREN ................................................................................................... 177
11.1 Nutritional Status of Children .......................................................................................... 177
11.1.1 Measurement of Nutritional Status among Young Children .............................. 177
11.1.2 Data Collection .................................................................................................. 178
11.1.3 Levels of Child Malnutrition ............................................................................. 179
11.2 Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices ...................................................................... 180
11.2.1 Initiation of Breastfeeding ................................................................................. 180
11.2.2 Exclusive and Continued Breastfeeding ............................................................ 180
11.2.3 Duration of Breastfeeding .................................................................................. 181
11.2.4 Complementary Feeding .................................................................................... 182
11.2.5 Minimum Acceptable Diet ................................................................................. 182
11.3 Anaemia Prevalence in Children ..................................................................................... 184
11.4 Presence of Iodised Salt in Households ........................................................................... 185
11.5 Micronutrient Intake, Supplementation, and Deworming among Children ..................... 186
11.6 Micronutrient Intake among Mothers .............................................................................. 187
12 HIV/AIDS-RELATED KNOWLEDGE AND BEHAVIOUR ................................................. 201
12.1 Knowledge about Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV ............................................... 201
12.2 Multiple Sexual Partners ................................................................................................. 202
12.3 Paid Sex ........................................................................................................................... 203
12.4 Coverage of HIV Testing Services .................................................................................. 203
12.4.1 Awareness of HIV Testing Services and Experience with HIV Testing ........... 203
12.4.2 HIV Testing of Pregnant Women ...................................................................... 204
12.5 Male Circumcision .......................................................................................................... 204
12.6 Self-reporting of Sexually Transmitted Infections .......................................................... 205
12.7 HIV/AIDS-related Behaviour among Young People ...................................................... 205
12.7.1 First Sex ............................................................................................................. 205
12.7.2 Premarital Sex .................................................................................................... 206
12.7.3 Multiple Sexual Partners .................................................................................... 206
12.7.4 Coverage of HIV Testing Services .................................................................... 207
13 HIV PREVALENCE ................................................................................................................... 223
13.1 Coverage Rates for HIV Testing ..................................................................................... 224
13.2 HIV Prevalence ............................................................................................................... 225
13.2.1 HIV Prevalence by Age and Sex ........................................................................ 225
13.2.2 HIV Prevalence by Sexual Risk Behaviour ....................................................... 227
13.2.3 HIV Prevalence among Young People .............................................................. 227
13.2.4 HIV Prevalence by Other Characteristics Related to HIV Risk ......................... 228
13.2.5 HIV Prevalence among Couples ........................................................................ 229
14 ADULT AND PREGNANCY-RELATED MORTALITY ...................................................... 241
14.1 Data ................................................................................................................................. 241
14.2 Direct Estimates of Adult Mortality ................................................................................ 242
14.3 Trends in Adult Mortality ................................................................................................ 242
14.4 Direct Estimates of Maternal Mortality ........................................................................... 243
14.5 Direct Estimates and Trends in Pregnancy-related Mortality .......................................... 243
15 USE OF HEALTH SERVICES AND PRESCRIBED MEDICATIONS ............................... 247
15.1 Health Insurance Coverage .............................................................................................. 247
15.2 Use of Outpatient Health Care Services .......................................................................... 248
15.3 Women’s Access to Care ................................................................................................. 249
15.3.1 Experience with a Pap Smear............................................................................. 249
15.3.2 Problems in Accessing Health Care among Women ......................................... 250
15.4 Prescribed Medications.................................................................................................... 251
15.4.1 Self-reported Use of Prescribed Medications ....................................................... 251
15.4.2 Payment for Prescribed Medications .................................................................... 251
15.5 Prescribed Medications for Chronic Conditions .............................................................. 252
16 ADULT MORBIDITY ................................................................................................................ 263
16.1 Self-assessment of Health ................................................................................................ 264
16.2 Self-reported Prevalence of Common Chronic Conditions ............................................. 265
16.3 Experience with Pain ....................................................................................................... 265
16.3.1 Prevalence of Pain.............................................................................................. 266
16.3.2 Tooth and Mouth Pain ....................................................................................... 267
16.4 Hypertension .................................................................................................................... 267
16.5 Chronic Respiratory Disease ........................................................................................... 269
16.6 Diabetes ........................................................................................................................... 271
16.7 Anaemia ........................................................................................................................... 272
17 ADULT NUTRITION ................................................................................................................. 297
17.1 Body Mass Index of Adults and Short Stature of Women .............................................. 298
17.2 Waist Circumference and Waist-to-Height Ratio ............................................................ 300
17.3 Consumption of Fruit, Vegetables, Sugar-sweetened Beverages, and Fruit Juice .......... 301
17.4 Consumption of Fried Foods, Fast Foods, Salty Snacks, and Processed Meats .............. 302
17.5 Interest in Lowering Salt Consumption ........................................................................... 302
18 TOBACCO, ALCOHOL, AND CODEINE USE AMONG ADULTS ................................... 313
18.1 Tobacco Use among Adults ............................................................................................. 313
18.1.1 Prevalence of Tobacco Smoking ........................................................................ 313
18.1.2 Smokeless Tobacco Use and E-cigarette Use .................................................... 315
18.1.3 Tobacco Use during Pregnancy ......................................................................... 315
18.2 Alcohol Use among Adults .............................................................................................. 315
18.2.1 Alcohol Consumption, Risky Drinking, and Problem Drinking ........................ 315
18.2.2 Alcohol Use during Pregnancy .......................................................................... 316
18.3 Use and Misuse of Codeine-containing Medications ...................................................... 316
19 WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT ................................................................................................ 329
19.1 In-union Women’s and Men’s Employment ................................................................... 330
19.2 Control over Women’s Earnings ..................................................................................... 330
19.3 Control over Men’s Earnings .......................................................................................... 331
19.4 Women’s and Men’s Ownership of Assets ..................................................................... 332
19.5 Participation in Decision Making .................................................................................... 333
19.6 Attitudes toward Wife Beating ........................................................................................ 334
19.7 Negotiating Sexual Relations .......................................................................................... 334
19.8 Child Discipline ............................................................................................................... 335
20 DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ........................................................................................................... 355
20.1 Measurement of Intimate Partner Violence ..................................................................... 356
20.2 Women’s Experience of Physical, Sexual, or Emotional Violence by Any Partner ........ 356
20.2.1 Age at first experience of sexual violence by any partner ................................. 357
20.3 Women’s Experience of Violence by Any Partner in the Past 12 Months ...................... 358
20.4 Controlling Behaviours by Most Recent Partner ............................................................. 358
20.5 Prevalence of Violence by Most Recent Partner ............................................................. 359
20.6 Injuries to Women due to Partner Violence .................................................................... 361
20.7 Violence Initiated by Women against Partners................................................................ 361
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................................... 373
APPENDIX A SAMPLE DESIGN ........................................................................................................ 377
A.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 377
A.2 Sample Frame .................................................................................................................. 377
A.3 Sample Design and Implementation ................................................................................ 378
A.4 Sample Probabilities and Sampling Weights ................................................................... 380
APPENDIX B ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS .................................................................... 389
APPENDIX C DATA QUALITY TABLES .......................................................................................... 419
APPENDIX D PERSONS INVOLVED IN THE SOUTH AFRICA DEMOGRAPHIC AND
HEALTH SURVEY 2016 ............................................................................................... 427
APPENDIX E QUESTIONNAIRES ...................................................................................................... 431 |
