Enterprise Survey 2018
Kenya, 2018 - 2019
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Reference ID
KEN_2018_ES_v01_M
Producer(s)
World Bank Group (WBG)
Collection(s)
Metadata
Created on
Jan 28, 2020
Last modified
Jan 28, 2020
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- kenya_2018_full_data
How The Main New/Significantly Improved Process Is Different (h7x)
Data file: kenya_2018_full_data
Overview
Valid:
263
Type:
Discrete
Start:
1170
End:
1413
Width:
244
Range:
-
Format:
character
Questions and instructions
Literal question
H.7 Please describe in detail how the main new or improved process is different than the most similar process that is or was used by this establishment
Categories
| Value | Category | Cases | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Added More Trucks For Delivery | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Added Service To Give More Value | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Automated Filling Process Is Fast And Efficient | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Before Car Diagnosis Was Being Done Manually | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Before Customers Used To Shop And Go. But These Days The The Satisfaction Of Customers Is Assessed By Client Visitations | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Before It Was Not There | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Before They Were Not Doing Delivery To Their Customers | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Before They Were Not Offering Delivery Services To Their Customers | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Before We Did Not Do Home Delivery For Any Of The Products We Offer. | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Before We Did Not Have Computer System Services But Now We Do And That Makes Our Work Easier | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Before We Used To Do It Manually | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Before We Used To Sell The Products Just As We Had Bought Them In Their Original Packages But Now We Rebag | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Before We We Did Most Of Our Point Of Sales Manually | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Before We Were Doing Manufacturing Of Turbines But That Will Now Stop; We Will Do Installation And Maintaince | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Before We Were Just Manufacturing Plain Clothes And We Were Not Delivering To Clients | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Before We Were Not Giving After Sales Services | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Before, Customers Were Only Paying Cash Over The Counter | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Before, Sales Count Was Used For Marketing But Nowadays It Is Not | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Before, Someone Had To Travel Physically To The Customer, With A Hard Disk To Install The Application And Train The Customer | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Before, The Time It Took To Process Was Not Efficient And Waste Was High Hence The Introduction Of High Precision Weighing To Determine Waste Management | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Before, We Were Not Doing Delivery For Clients | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Before, We Were Not Doing Delivery For Our Clients | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Before, We Were Not Indulging In Promotions. We Also Give Customers Awards For Their Targets | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Better Services Hence More Customers | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Bringing Technicians Has Led To Improved Leather Quality | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Building Another Factory Will Ease Congestion | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Completely New | 26 |
9.9%
|
|
| Customers Are Served On Time /Timely Availability Of Vehicles To Tourists | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Customers Do Not Travel To Other Regions, Logistically It Is Done From Our Warehouse | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Customers Would Not Have To Go Out To Take A Drink | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Deliveries Are Efficient Unlike The Latter Times | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Delivery Of Products Countrywide Using Courier Services.This Has Helped In Avoiding Delays | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Easier And Saves Time | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Education Of Farmers Has Led To Improved Production | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Efficient, Accurate, Faster | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Everyone Sticks To His Line Of Production | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Farm Inputs Has Led To Increased Production | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Has Led To Improved Production | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Improved Delivery Time And Quality Checks | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Improved Efficiency | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Improved In Transportation | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Improved Productivity. The Consistency Of The Production Has Brought Improved Quality And Motivated Workers | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Improved Ratios And Introduced New Colours On Our Products | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Improved Sales And Customer Base | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| In Previous Years We Were Not Delivering For Clients | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| In The Previous One The Authors Brought Themselves But In This New One We Looked For Them | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Including Breakfast For Everyone Who Has Booked Accommodation Led To More Customers Hence More Profits | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Increase Of Production Due To More Knowledge Compared To Before | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Increase Productivity Compared To When They Were Not Given Fertilisers | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Increased Production Due To Education Of Farmers | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Increased Production Due To Inputs Compared To Before | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Initially Only Repairs Were Done But They Introduced Fabrication As A New Service | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Initially, Clients Had To Buy Equipment To Be Installed In Their House/Offices To Be Able To Access Internet But With The New Solution, Clients Have To Be At The Establishment'S Wi-Fi Zone To Access Internet | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Initially, The Documents Were Sent To Customers Directly From Japan And The New Process Documents Are Sent To Our Office So That The Agents Can Pick Them And Clear The Cars. | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Initially, They Used To Send Faulty Devices To Respective Care Centres But Now They Do Them Themselves | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Initially, They Were Carrying Cash And Using Trucks. | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Initially, We Used To Import New Raw Materials | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Initially, We Were Using The Manual Pumps Where Everything Was Done Manually. With The New Pumps, We Get To Set The Prices In A Computerized Way Which Is Easier And Safe | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Introduced A New Way Of Contacting Customers Hence Making It Easy To Get To Them | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Introduced New Way Of Offering Services That Are Cheaper Compared To Before | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Introduced Semi Automated Processes In The Production Area Which Has Given The Business Growth | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Introduction Of Metallic Drying Tables Which Are Long Lasting Compared To Wooden Ones | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| It Cut Down Power Consumption, Chemical Usage And Water Usage. Production Period Has Reduced. Waste Management Has Improved By Cutting Down Wastage.Pollution Overload To The Environment Has Greatly Reduced. Production Costs Has Reduced And Prof | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| It Does Not Damage The Material As Much As The Previous Ones | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| It Doesn'T Require Regular Servicing | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| It Doesn'T Take Much Time For Orders To Be Delivered | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| It Encourages Large Sales And We Get A Lot Of Customers | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| It Enhanced Timed Delivery Of Goods To Customers | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| It Has Created More Bonding With Our Clients | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| It Has Made It Efficient To Process Orders | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| It Has Moved From Manual To Digital Services | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| It Increased Customers' Value For Money, And Increased The Business' Competitive Edge In The Industry | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| It Increases Effectiveness | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| It Involves The Tracking Devices In Terms Of Delivery | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| It Is A Buffet That Fits The Amount Of Money A Customer Has And Is Not Fixed | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| It Is A New Machine That Was Not Used In The Company Previously. | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| It Is A New Process | 2 |
0.8%
|
|
| It Is An Easier And Effective Way Of Paying Bills | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| It Is Customer Friendly | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| It Is Easier To Exchange Gas Cylinders At Anytime | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| It Is Faster With Higher Purity Index | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| It Is More Efficient | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| It Is More Efficient And Speedy | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| It Is Unique | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| It Minimises Time Taken To Deliver Products To Customers | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| It Reduced The Time Taken To Bake Bread | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| It Reduces Power And Time Of Processing | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| It Saves Material Since It Controls Usage Of Material, Thus Avoiding Wastage. | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| It Speeds Up The Process. It Is A Catalyst. The Computer Does It Accurately | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| It Was Done By Different People Now We Do It Ourselves To Improve The Quality | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| It Was Not Their Before | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| It'S Completely New. Before The Drying Was Done Manually | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| It'S Faster And Easier For Us To Mix The Paints Ourselves Than Get From The Depot | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| It'S More Efficient | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Its Cheap And Easy To Handle | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Its Has Made Sales Better In The Firm Hence More Customers Because Of Improved Quality | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Its More Cost Efficient And Quality Of Food Is Better | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Its More Efficient | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Kaizen Method Of Processing Cables Is More Efficient | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Kitchen And Cupboard Making | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Labels Are Printed On The Containers | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Makes Crushing Cement Easier And Faster | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Manufacturing Process Takes Shorter Time Compared To Before | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Minor Profit Margins But More Sales Volumes | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| More Automation,The Other One Was Basically Manual | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| More Designs And Improved Quality Of Timber Has Increased Sales | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| More Details On Movement Of Trucks And Improved Service Delivery | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| More Efficient And Effective Thus Reduces The Cost And Wastage | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| More Efficient In Cutting, Sandpapering. | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| More Outreach | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| More Products Were Done And Thus More Sales. More Machines Means More Production And Thus More Output That Has Had A Significant Impact On Our Sales Volumes And Income | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| More Reliable | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| More Secure | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| More Secure A Day Ensures Oil Quality | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Mpesa Has Provided Quick Service Provision To Customers | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| New Breading Machines To Manufacture Shoe Lases | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| New Routes Were Introduced | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Not New | 2 |
0.8%
|
|
| Nowadays They Deal Directly With Customers Unlike Before When They Use To Have Exporting Agencies | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Personal Delivery To Clients; Whereas Before They Were Not Delivering | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Previous Machines Were Old | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Previous Method Used For Estimating The Amount Of Green Leaf Was A Manual And Tedious Process That Was Ineffective. Also, They Used More Firewood Compared To Now When They Are Using The Preheater | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Previous One Was Manual But The Current One Is Automated | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Previously It Wasn'T 24Hrs | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Previously They Did Not Have Transport Services For Their Customers | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Previously They Were Not Delivering Products To Their Customer | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Previously, There Was No Free Delivery Because The Company Did Not Have Enough Vehicles For Delivery | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Previously, They Did Not Import These Products | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Previously, They Served Plain Single Brands Of Alcohol Only | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Previously, They Used Manual Machines But Now They Are Modernised. Also, Previously They Used Wooden Drying Tables But Now They Are Using Metallic Ones Which Hastens Drying Of Coffee | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Previously, They Used Manual Weighing Scales Which Were Inaccurate. Digital Ones Are Fast Therefore Save Time | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Previously, They Used Manual Which Was Slow Compared To The Digital Weighing Scale | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Previously, They Were Not Doing Transport For Their Clients | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Previously, We Did Not Have The Machines. | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Previously, We Were Using Manual Machines | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Processing Of Labels In Our Own Country Instead Of Importing From China | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Provision Of Farm Inputs And Advance Payments Has Led To Increased Production | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Provision Of Farm Inputs Has Led To Increase In Production | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Provision Of Farm Inputs Has Led To Increased Production | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Purchased New Machines For Sewing | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Re-Branding Has Led To More Customers | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Re-Branding Of Menus Has Helped To Diversify And Customers Can Have Selections To Choose From. Sponsoring Of Events Like Golf Has Helped In Publicity And Therefore More Customers | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Reaching More Customers Cheaply | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Reduces Time | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Repackaging Has Increased Sales | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Reservation Of Water For A Long Duration Of Time. Company Satisfaction In Supply Of Goods | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Room Service Which Was Not There Before | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Some Machines Were Manually Operated | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Steam Cleaning Was Not There Before. | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Stock Reconciliation Is Now Done Online | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Subsidized Fertilisers Has Increased Production And It'S Cheaper. Training Has Increased Knowledge Of Partners | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| The Branches Used To Come And Take Stock From The Head Office Directly Before We Started This | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| The Current Delivery And After Sale Service Is More Responsive To Customers And They Prefer It. | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| The Customer Relationship Is More Interactive | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| The Design Was In Line With New Fashion And Preference Of Schools | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| The Designs Were Flat. But Now There Has Been An Incorporation Of Trendy Styles To Fit Different Sizes. | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| The Digital Weighing Scales Are More Accurate Compared To Manual Weighing Scales | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| The Distribution Warehouses Were Not There Before | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| The Double Stitch Is Better Embraced Than The Single One, Giving A Better Finish | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| The Establishment Ventured Into New Markets | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| The Furniture Was Not Looking So Good Previously And The Rooms Also. This Has Been Improved Significantly | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| The Increase In Flow Decreases Time Used In Production Which Increases Productivity | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| The Introduction Of Delivery Service Has Increased The Company'S Sales Volume | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| The Machines Used Previously Took Longer Time For Production And Also Their Power Consumption Was High. | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| The Mattresses Are Used For Orthopaedic | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| The New Boards Are Small But Of Greater Capacity Compared To The Old Design | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| The New Machines Are Controlled Online While The Old Ones Are Controlled Manually By Local People | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| The New One Can Do Remote Support From Office Thus Saving Time, Money And Human Capital | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| The New One Does Not Take Time And We Can Serve More Customers Within The Shortest Time | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| The New One Has Different Colours And Mixes Easily Than The Old One | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| The New Pick Up Has Led To More Deliveries Hence More Money | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| The New Process Is More Efficient And Less Expensive Than The One We Used Before | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| The New Routes Were Not There Before | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| The New Systems Help In Avoiding Fraud And In Satisfying The Needs Of Customers By Producing Quality Services | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| The New Technolocy Is Computer Controlled | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| The New Technology Has Both The Printing And Moulding, Thus High Output And Low Cost On Production Process. The Old Process Required Moulding Separately And Printing Separately. | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| The Old One Required More Manpower | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| The Painting Process Was Done Done Manually Which Took Alot Of Time | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| The Previous One Was Done Manually Like Filling Of Capsules; What Took A Week Now Takes A Few Hours Thus Reduces Manpower And Wastage | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| The Process Is Semi Automatic | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| The Process Was Consolidated But Now It Is Manual Process For Individual Products | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| The Processes Have Been Standardised | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| The Products Are Hardened Also Cost Effective | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| The Quality Is Better In Terms Of Level Of Conformity Which Has Increased | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| The Recommended Painting Of Coffee Bars Improved Coffee Quality.The Repair Of Water Tanks Led To More Water Storage Facilities Which Increased Production | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| The Reverse Osmosis Improves The Quality Of The Products Compared To The Previous Pure Water Filtration | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| The Rooms Have Booklets That The Customers Fill And That Is Being Used To Improve Services In The Hotel. | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| The Sale Representatives Goes To Field To Get Orders Then Send Them To The Firm For Delivery Unlike Initially The Lorries Were Loaded With Goods For Sale And With No Specific Orders Were Made From Customers | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| The Strategy Reaches More People. | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| The Trucks Are Big Enough To Supply Our Customers Thus Improving Efficiency | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| There Is High Production Rate And Improved Delivery Rate. | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| There Is Improved Sales Compared To When They Were Not Delivering | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| There Was No Service Delivery Or Selling Of Sanitary Ware. | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| They Are Machines That Are Highly Sophisticated Compared To The Previous Ones | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| They Are Of Improved Efficiency | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| They Have Introduced More Efficient Production Machines | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| They Have The Vip Services Where By Clients Have Private Dining Rooms Which Is Totally Different From The Previous One | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| They Help Us To Introduce New Designs In The Market | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| They Improved On Selling And Marketing Which Is Now Across The Country | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| They Improved On The Curious Services Which Are More Efficient Than Before | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| They Improved On The Method Of Manufacturing Car Exhauster Due To The New Models Coming Up | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| They Improved On The Way Of Offering Services By Keeping Time To Clients And Customers When It Comes To Delivering | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| They Introduced New Delivery Process That Is Faster Than The Previous Ones | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| They Introduced New Machineries For Moulding The Toilet Balls | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| They Introduced New Machines For Manufacturing The Products Unlike Before They Were Doing It Manually | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| They Used Manual Weighing Scales Which Were Slow | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| They Used Mechanical Weighing Scales Which Was Inaccurate And Subject To Manipulation And Not Compatible To Computer Data Transfer Compared To The Electrical One | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| They Used To Hire Lorries Which Were Expensive And Slow; The Delivery Lorry Has Quickened Services And Is Cheap. Subsized Fertilisers Are More Affordable Compared To Unsubsidized Ones | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| They Used To Import Machines From Turkey But Now They Get Them Locally | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| They Were Using Manual Which Was Slow And Prone To Theft Compared To The Electronic One | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| They Were Using Old Sacks In Which Coffee Could Fall Down Resulting In Losses But Now They Are Using Iron Sheets. Digital Weighing Scales Which Is Making Work Easier Compared To Manual Weighing Machines. | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| They Were Using Ordinary Cars Which Are Not Four Wheel. They Also Had Pickups But Have Now Improved To Lorries | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| This Keeps Our Club Lively; That Is, It Reduces Boredom | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| To Help Make Work Easier | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Trainings And Orientation | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Use Of Razer Cutting Machine | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Use Of Technology In Delivery | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| Using Machines Lead To More Output And Thus More Profit | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| We Do Branding | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| We Had Not Officially Structured The Process But Now It Is Efficient | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| We Have Bought New Machines That Are Doing What Used To Be Done By Hands | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| We Have Improved Solubility Of Some Products To Make Them More Consumable To Animals | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| We Have Improved The Fabric Dyeing Process | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| We Introduced Minced Meat Machine For Easier Production Of Minced Meat | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| We Introduced New Machines That Helped In Melting Of The Plastic Material That Brought The New Bottle Design | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| We Made It Easier For Our Clients To Get Their Products At A Good Time | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| We Made The Clients Comfortable When Using Our Service And Hence No Wastage Of Time When Using Services | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| We Now Do Civil Engineering. | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| We Now Manufacture Finished Leather Products Unlike Before | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| We Used To Do It Manually But Now Its Computerised | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| We Used To Do Maintenance Only But Now We Also Service Vehicles | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| We Used To Do Retail Only But Now We Do Both Retail And Wholesale And Thus More Profits | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| We Used To Sell Construction Fittings Only But Now We Also Sell Ceramic Items | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| We Used To Use Bigger Trucks That Were Slow In Delivery Process Thus Dissapointing Our Customers | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| We Were Not Doing Delivery Before | 1 |
0.4%
|
|
| With Lean Construction, We Are Minimizing Waste And Maximizing Efficiency To Look At The Areas Where We Are Wasting More Time That Means Getting More Equipments Than We Used To Have Which Have Helped Us Minimize Theft Cases. And Before We Did N | 1 |
0.4%
|
Warning: these figures indicate the number of cases found in the data file. They cannot be interpreted as summary statistics of the population of interest.