Danish Census 1880 - IPUMS Subset
Denmark, 1880
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Reference ID
DNK_1880_PHC_v01_M_v7.5_A_IPUMS
Producer(s)
Commission for the Collection of Statistical Tables, IPUMS
Collection(s)
Created on
Aug 01, 2025
Last modified
Aug 01, 2025
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- Data files
- DNK1880_PHC-H-H
- DNK1880_PHC-P-H
Occupation, HISCO classification (OCCHISCO)
Data file: DNK1880_PHC-P-H
Overview
Type:
Discrete
Start:
97
End:
101
Width:
5
Range:
-
Format:
Numeric
Questions and instructions
Categories
| Value | Category |
|---|---|
| 01100 | Chemists |
| 01200 | Physicists |
| 01300 | Physical scientists nec |
| 01400 | Physical science assistants and technicians |
| 02000 | Professional engineers, specialisation unknown |
| 02100 | Architects |
| 02200 | Civil engineers |
| 02300 | Electrical engineers |
| 02410 | Mechanical engineers, general or nfs |
| 02420 | Industrial machinery or tools engineers |
| 02430 | Mechanical engineer (motors and engines, except marine) |
| 02440 | Marine engineers |
| 02450 | Ship construction engineers |
| 02460 | Heating, ventilation and refrigeration engineers |
| 02490 | Other mechanical engineers |
| 02500 | Chemical engineers |
| 02600 | Metallurgists and assayers |
| 02700 | Mining engineers |
| 02800 | Industrial engineers |
| 02900 | Professional engineers nec |
| 03010 | Surveyors, general and nfs |
| 03020 | Land surveyors |
| 03030 | Mine surveyors |
| 03040 | Hydrographic surveyors |
| 03090 | Other surveyors |
| 03100 | Draughtsmen |
| 03200 | Technician, specialisation unknown |
| 03210 | Technicians |
| 03220 | Civil engineering technicians |
| 03230 | Electrical engineering technicians |
| 03240 | Mechanical engineering technicians |
| 03250 | Chemical engineering technicals |
| 03260 | Metallurgical technicians |
| 03270 | Mining technicians |
| 03290 | Engineering technicians nec |
| 04200 | Ship's deck officer or pilot |
| 04210 | Ships officers nfs |
| 04220 | Ship's masters and captains (sea) |
| 04230 | Ship's masters and captains (sea or inland waterways) |
| 04240 | Ship's masters and captains (inland waterways) |
| 04250 | Ship's navigating officers and ship's mates |
| 04260 | Ship and boat pilots |
| 04270 | Marine superintendents (deck) |
| 04290 | Other ship deck officers and pilots |
| 04300 | Ship's engineers |
| 05100 | Biologists, botanists, zoologists and related scientists |
| 05200 | Medical scientists |
| 05300 | Agronomists and related scientists |
| 05400 | Life sciences technicians |
| 06100 | Medical doctors and surgeons |
| 06110 | Medical doctors and physicians (UK: Medical doctors only) |
| 06130 | Surgeons |
| 06140 | Specialised physicians |
| 06150 | Specialised surgeons |
| 06160 | Public health physicians |
| 06170 | Oculist |
| 06190 | Medical doctors, nec |
| 06200 | Dentists |
| 06300 | Veterinarians |
| 06400 | Pharmacists |
| 06500 | Medical and related assistants |
| 07110 | Trained nurses |
| 07210 | Nurses nfs |
| 07220 | Medical nurses, untrained or level of training unknown |
| 07320 | Midwives |
| 07330 | Monthly nurses |
| 07500 | Opticians and optometrists |
| 07600 | Healers and therapists nec |
| 07920 | Osteopaths |
| 07930 | Chiropractors |
| 07940 | Sanitarians |
| 07990 | Other medical, dental, veterinary and related workers |
| 08000 | Mathematicians and actuaries, etc. |
| 09000 | Economists |
| 11010 | Accountants |
| 11020 | Auditors |
| 11090 | Accountants nec |
| 12110 | Lawyers |
| 12120 | Barristers |
| 12130 | Solicitors |
| 12200 | Judge |
| 12220 | Justice of the peace |
| 12300 | Notary |
| 12900 | Jurists (except lawyer, judge or solicitor) |
| 13100 | Teachers in higher education |
| 13200 | Teachers not in higher education |
| 13210 | Teachers (unspecified) |
| 13220 | Teachers (secondary) |
| 13230 | Teachers (primary) |
| 13240 | Teachers (pre-primary) |
| 13250 | Teachers (of the disabled) |
| 13300 | School administrators and principals |
| 13920 | Governesses |
| 13990 | Other teaching personnel |
| 14120 | Ministers of religion |
| 14130 | Missionaries |
| 14140 | Members of religious orders |
| 14190 | Other ministers of religion |
| 14900 | Workers in religion nec |
| 15100 | Authors |
| 15220 | Editors |
| 15230 | Journalists, reporters and correspondents |
| 15900 | Others writers |
| 16110 | Artists nfs and art teachers |
| 16120 | Sculptors |
| 16130 | Artistic painters |
| 16140 | Cartoonists |
| 16150 | Engravers and etchers (artistic) |
| 16190 | Other specified creative artists |
| 16200 | Designers |
| 16300 | Photographers |
| 16400 | Engravers |
| 17120 | Musical performers and musicians nfs |
| 17130 | Music teachers |
| 17190 | Others in music |
| 17200 | Dancers and dancing teachers |
| 17300 | Actors and related workers |
| 17400 | Producers, performing arts |
| 17900 | Performing artists nec |
| 18000 | Athletes, sportsmen and related workers |
| 19100 | Librarians, archivists and curators |
| 19200 | Social scientists and historians |
| 19300 | Social workers |
| 19500 | Interpreters, translators and philologists |
| 19920 | Patent agents |
| 19930 | Underwriters |
| 19990 | Other professional, technical and related workers nec |
| 20100 | Legislative officials and heads of government |
| 20200 | Government administrators |
| 21110 | Proprietors, nfs |
| 21112 | Executive officers, nfs (U.S. only) |
| 21120 | Manufacturers nfs |
| 21122 | Executive officers of manufacturing concerns nfs |
| 21130 | Manufacturers or proprietors of specified manufacturing concerns |
| 21132 | Executive officers of specified manufacturing concerns |
| 21140 | Proprietor, mining, quarrying, oil and natural gas extraction |
| 21141 | Oil producer |
| 21142 | Executive officers of extractive industry |
| 21150 | Proprietor, railway company |
| 21152 | Executive officers of railway concerns |
| 21160 | Proprietor, other transport and communications |
| 21162 | Executive officer of other transport and communications |
| 21170 | Proprietor, public utilities (i.e., water, gas, etc.) |
| 21172 | Executive officer of public utilities |
| 21180 | Proprietor, finance |
| 21182 | Executive officer finance company |
| 21190 | Other owners of large scale productive enterprises |
| 21192 | Executive officers of other large scale productive enterprises |
| 21194 | Publisher |
| 21210 | Contractors nfs |
| 21220 | Construction contractors |
| 21230 | Builders |
| 21290 | Other specified contractors |
| 21330 | Capitalists |
| 21340 | Speculators |
| 21390 | Investors nec |
| 22110 | Superintendents and managers nfs |
| 22120 | Superintendents and managers, manufacturing |
| 22130 | Superintendents and managers, mining, quarrying, etc. |
| 22140 | Superintendents and managers, railways |
| 22150 | Superintendents and managers, other transport and communications |
| 22160 | Superintendents and managers, public utilities |
| 22170 | Superintendents and managers, construction, except railway construction |
| 22180 | Superintendents and managers, commerce |
| 22190 | Superintendents and managers, nec |
| 23110 | Foremen and supervisors nfs |
| 23120 | Foremen and supervisors, manufacturing |
| 23130 | Foremen and supervisors, mining |
| 23140 | Foremen and supervisors, railways |
| 23150 | Foremen and supervisors, other transport and communications |
| 23160 | Foremen and supervisors, public utilities |
| 23170 | Foremen and supervisors, construction, except railway construction |
| 23180 | Foremen and supervisors, commerce |
| 23190 | Foremen and supervisors, nec |
| 24100 | Inspectors of manufactories, companies etc. |
| 31010 | Civil servants, title unknown |
| 31020 | Tax collectors |
| 31030 | Tax assessors |
| 31040 | Customs officers |
| 31050 | Postmasters or postmistresses |
| 31060 | Clerks of court and other court clerks |
| 31090 | Government functionaries, nec |
| 32000 | Typists, stenographers and secretaries |
| 33120 | Bookkeepers and bookkeeping clerks |
| 33130 | Cashiers, bank or office |
| 33140 | Bank clerks |
| 33142 | Bank tellers (US) |
| 33150 | Money collector |
| 33160 | Cash desk cashier |
| 33170 | Toll collectors |
| 33180 | Collector (cash or account) |
| 33190 | Bookkeeping, account and cash handling workers nec |
| 33210 | Railway clerks (UK) and railway agents (CA/US) |
| 33220 | Baggage agents and baggage men |
| 33320 | Agent, water transport (principally steamship and steamboat) |
| 33330 | Agent, land transport (non-rail) |
| 34000 | Office machine operators |
| 36010 | Conductors, nfs |
| 36020 | Railway guards (UK) and railroad conductors (US/CAN) |
| 36030 | Sleeping- or pullman-car attendants |
| 36040 | Bus, tram or streetcar conductors |
| 36090 | Transport conductors, nec |
| 37020 | Postal, mail and telegraph clerks |
| 37030 | Mail carriers, aka postmen (UK) |
| 37040 | Messengers |
| 37050 | Mail sorters |
| 37090 | Post office, mail, and message workers nec |
| 38010 | Tel. operator |
| 38020 | Telephone operator |
| 38030 | Telegraph operator |
| 38090 | Other telephone/telegraph operators |
| 39000 | Clerk, nfs |
| 39100 | Stock, weight and shipping clerks |
| 39130 | Stock records clerk |
| 39310 | Office clerks, specialisation unknown |
| 39320 | Correspondence clerks |
| 39340 | Legal clerks |
| 39350 | Insurance clerks |
| 39390 | Other correspondence and reporting clerks |
| 39400 | Hotel clerk or other receptionist |
| 39500 | Library and filing clerks |
| 39600 | Railroad, railway clerk |
| 39720 | Timekeepers, railway |
| 39730 | Timekeepers, factory |
| 39790 | Timekeepers, undefined and nec |
| 39900 | Other specified clerks |
| 39990 | Proofreader |
| 40000 | Sales workers, nfs |
| 41000 | Working proprietors, nfs |
| 41010 | Dealer, merchant etc. (wholesale and retail trade) |
| 41015 | Merchants, specified large-scale wholesaleing |
| 41020 | Hirers out |
| 42000 | Buyers |
| 42200 | Buyers nec |
| 43010 | Agents nfs |
| 43020 | Commercial travellers |
| 43030 | Manufacturers and sales agents |
| 43090 | Other specialized agents |
| 44110 | Insurance, real state or securities salesmen, nfs |
| 44120 | Insurance salesmen and agents |
| 44130 | Real estate agents |
| 44140 | Brokers |
| 44150 | Stockbrokers |
| 44160 | Patent Agents |
| 44190 | Insurance, real estate and securities salesmen nec |
| 44200 | Advertising salesmen |
| 44320 | Auctioneers |
| 44330 | Appraisers |
| 45120 | Salespeople, wholesale or retail trade |
| 45130 | Clerks in shops and stores |
| 45140 | Fashion models |
| 45190 | Other sales personnel men, shop assistants and demonstrators |
| 45220 | Street sellers, pedlars and hawkers, non-food items |
| 45230 | Street sellers, pedlars and hawkers, food items |
| 45240 | Newsvendors |
| 45250 | Canvassers |
| 45290 | Other street traders for coffee and food |
| 49020 | Pawnbrokers |
| 49030 | Scrap and junk dealers, scavengers |
| 49040 | Street vendors, canvassers and news vendors, newsvendors |
| 49090 | Dealers and salesworkers nec |
| 51020 | Hotel keepers and managers |
| 51030 | Restaurant keepers and managers |
| 51040 | Boarding and lodging house keepers and managers |
| 51050 | Pub, saloon, tavern and coffee house keepers |
| 51060 | Ship's pursers |
| 51090 | Other hospitality and entertainment keepers and managers |
| 52020 | Housekeeper |
| 52030 | Stewards |
| 52040 | Matrons |
| 52050 | Butlers |
| 52090 | Other housekeeping service supervisors |
| 53100 | Cooks |
| 53101 | Cook (domestic) UK only |
| 53102 | Cook (not domestic) |
| 53103 | Ship's cooks |
| 53220 | Waiter or waitress |
| 53230 | Bartender |
| 53290 | Other food and drink service workers |
| 54010 | Servants nfs |
| 54020 | House servants nfs and maids |
| 54030 | Personal servants and valets |
| 54040 | Nursemaids |
| 54050 | Companions |
| 54060 | Chambermaids and room attendants |
| 54090 | Other specified servants |
| 55100 | Caretakers and janitors |
| 55200 | Charworkers |
| 55230 | Window cleaners |
| 55240 | Chimney sweeps |
| 55250 | Refuse collectors and removers |
| 55290 | Other charworkers, cleaners and related workers |
| 56000 | Washing and laundry services |
| 57020 | Hairdressers |
| 57030 | Barbers |
| 57040 | Bath attendants |
| 57090 | Other barbers, hairdressers and related workers |
| 58100 | Firefighters |
| 58210 | Policemen and detectives, employer unknown |
| 58220 | Policemen and detectives, public service |
| 58230 | Policemen and detectives, private service |
| 58240 | Sheriffs and their deputies |
| 58290 | Other law enforcement officers |
| 58300 | Watchmen and guards |
| 58410 | Military, rank unknown |
| 58420 | Military officers |
| 58430 | Other members of the armed forces |
| 58500 | Prison keepers and guards |
| 58900 | Other protective service workers |
| 59100 | Guides |
| 59200 | Undertakers and embalmers |
| 59300 | Prostitutes |
| 59920 | Bookmakers (sport) |
| 59930 | Croupiers |
| 59940 | Nursing aids and attendents |
| 59950 | Errand boys and errand girls |
| 59960 | Practical aid (veterinary) |
| 59990 | Other service workers nec |
| 61110 | General farmers and farmers nfs |
| 61115 | Husbandmen or cottars |
| 61117 | Female farmer |
| 61120 | Major landowner |
| 61220 | Field crop farmers |
| 61230 | Orchardists and fruit farmers |
| 61240 | Market gardeners |
| 61250 | Nurserymen and florists |
| 61260 | Livestock farmers |
| 61270 | Dairy farmers |
| 61280 | Poultry farmers |
| 61290 | Other specialised farmers |
| 61320 | Farmer and fisherman |
| 61330 | Cottar and fisherman |
| 61400 | Farm managers, foremen and supervisors nfs |
| 62110 | Farm workers, specialisation unknown |
| 62113 | Farmer's sons and other male relatives |
| 62200 | Farm workers (field crop and vegetables) |
| 62300 | Farm labourers, orchard and fruit farm workers |
| 62410 | Livestock workers, general or nfs |
| 62420 | Cattle workers, except specified dairy |
| 62430 | Sheep workers |
| 62440 | Pig workers |
| 62450 | Fur-bearing animal workers |
| 62460 | Horse workers |
| 62461 | Grooms and horse keepers (domestic) |
| 62463 | Grooms and horse keepers (not domestic) |
| 62470 | Horse breaker |
| 62490 | Livestock workers, nec |
| 62500 | Farm workers (dairy) |
| 62600 | Farm workers (poultry) |
| 62710 | Gardeners nfs |
| 62711 | Gardener (domestic) |
| 62713 | Gardener (not domestic) |
| 62720 | Market garden labourers |
| 62730 | Nursery labourers |
| 62740 | Landscape gardeners |
| 62790 | Other nursery workers and gardeners |
| 62800 | Farm machinery operators |
| 62920 | Other animal workers e.g., dogs, elephants |
| 62930 | Other plant workers e.g., gathers of herbs etc. |
| 62940 | Groundskeepers, etc. |
| 62990 | Others in agricultural or husbandry |
| 63110 | Woodsmen and workers in the woods, nfs |
| 63120 | Lumbermen, loggers and kindred workers |
| 63130 | River drivers |
| 63140 | Wood cutters and choppers |
| 63190 | Others in logging and wood cutting |
| 63220 | Foresters and wood wardens |
| 63230 | Forestry workers |
| 63240 | Timber cruisers |
| 63250 | Forest fire-fighters |
| 63290 | Other forestry workers |
| 64100 | Fishermen |
| 64920 | Fish farm workers |
| 64930 | Oyster farm workers |
| 64940 | Whale hunters |
| 64950 | Whale or seal hunters |
| 64960 | Seal hunters |
| 64970 | Trappers or hunters |
| 64990 | Other fishermen, hunters and related workers |
| 71120 | Miners |
| 71130 | Quarrymen |
| 71190 | Others working in mines and quarries |
| 71200 | Mineral or stone treaters |
| 71300 | Well drillers, borers and related workers |
| 72000 | Metal workers, specialisation unknown |
| 72100 | Metal smelter and furnacemen |
| 72200 | Metal rollers |
| 72300 | Metal melters and reheaters, and workers in metal melting mills |
| 72400 | Metal casters and workers in metal casting plants |
| 72500 | Metal moulders and coremakers |
| 72600 | Metal annealers, temperers and hardeners |
| 72700 | Metal drawers and workers in metal drawing |
| 72800 | Metal platers and coaters |
| 72900 | Other (specialised) metal workers |
| 73100 | Wood treaters |
| 73200 | Sawyers and other titled wood/sawmill operatives |
| 73300 | Papermill machine operators and paper makers |
| 74000 | Chemical workers, product nfs |
| 74100 | Drug workers |
| 74200 | Gunpowder and explosive makers |
| 74320 | Charcoal burners |
| 74330 | Coal gas makers |
| 74340 | Tar makers |
| 74390 | Other coal product makers e.g., coke |
| 74420 | Salt makers |
| 74430 | Alkali and soda makers |
| 74500 | Oil mill workers |
| 74620 | Paint and varnish makers |
| 74630 | Dye makers |
| 74640 | Ink, blacking, colouring, etc., makers |
| 74720 | Tallow chandlers, candle makers and grease makers |
| 74730 | Soap and perfume makers |
| 74740 | Glue, size and gelatine makers |
| 74750 | Wax and polish makers |
| 74920 | Fertilizer and manure makers |
| 74930 | Starch makers |
| 74940 | Turpentine makers |
| 74990 | Specified chemical workers nec |
| 75000 | Textile workers, specialisation unknown |
| 75100 | Fibre preparers |
| 75200 | Spinners, doublers, twisters and winders |
| 75300 | Weaving and knitting-machine setters and pattern-card preparers |
| 75400 | Weavers |
| 75500 | Knitters |
| 75600 | Bleachers, dyer or textile product finisher |
| 75700 | Rope makers |
| 75920 | Net maker |
| 75990 | Other specialised textile workers nec |
| 76110 | Tanners or fellmongers, specialisation unknown |
| 76120 | Fellmongers |
| 76130 | Tanners |
| 76140 | Leather curriers and finishers |
| 76190 | Other specified leather curers |
| 76200 | Fur and pelt dressers |
| 77100 | Millers and related workers |
| 77200 | Sugar refiners |
| 77310 | Butchers |
| 77320 | Pork butchers |
| 77340 | Slaughterer, meat cutters or meat packer |
| 77350 | Sausage makers |
| 77360 | Fish butchers |
| 77380 | Meat cannery workers and other meat preservers (not sausages) |
| 77390 | Other workers in meat preparation |
| 77400 | Cannery workers and other food preservers |
| 77500 | Butter, cheese and dairy product makers |
| 77610 | Baker and confectioner |
| 77620 | Bakers |
| 77630 | Confectioners and pastry makers |
| 77640 | Candy makers |
| 77650 | Chocolate makers |
| 77690 | Other baked goods makers |
| 77700 | Tea, coffee and cocoa preparers |
| 77820 | Brewers |
| 77830 | Maltsters |
| 77840 | Wine workers |
| 77850 | Vinegar makers and workers |
| 77860 | Distillers |
| 77870 | Makers of soft drinks |
| 77880 | Bottlers |
| 77890 | Other drinks makers and workers |
| 77990 | Other food and beverage processors |
| 78100 | Tobacco preparers and tobacco factory workers |
| 78200 | Cigar makers |
| 78300 | Cigarette makers |
| 78400 | Other tobacco product makers |
| 79120 | Tailors and tailoresses |
| 79130 | Dressmakers |
| 79190 | Other garment makers |
| 79200 | Furriers and fur workers |
| 79320 | Milliners |
| 79330 | Hat makers |
| 79340 | Straw hat makers |
| 79390 | Other hat makers |
| 79400 | Glove makers and related workers |
| 79520 | Seamstresses |
| 79530 | Sewers and sewing machine operators |
| 79540 | Embroiderers |
| 79590 | Others hand sewers |
| 79620 | Upholsterers (except vehicle) |
| 79630 | Vehicle trimmers and upholsterers |
| 79640 | Mattress makers |
| 79690 | Others working in upholstery jobs |
| 79920 | Sail, tent and awning makers |
| 79930 | Umbrella makers |
| 79940 | Artificial flower makers |
| 79990 | Other cloth and related product manufacturing workers |
| 80100 | Boot and shoe makers and repairers |
| 80200 | Specialised occupations in the boot and shoe making industry |
| 80320 | Saddlers and harness makers |
| 80330 | Trunk or bag maker |
| 80390 | Other leather goods makers |
| 81120 | Cabinet makers |
| 81130 | Chair makers |
| 81140 | Wicker furniture makers |
| 81190 | Other furniture makers |
| 81210 | Woodworkers |
| 81220 | Sawyers, woodworking |
| 81230 | Wood turners and handle makers |
| 81240 | Wood planers |
| 81250 | Wood carvers |
| 81290 | Other woodworking machine operators |
| 81300 | Coach, carriage and wagon makers |
| 81400 | Wheelwrights and cartwrights |
| 81500 | Coopers, hoop makers and benders |
| 81600 | Clog makers |
| 81710 | Box makers nfs |
| 81720 | Wooden box makers |
| 81730 | Paper box makers |
| 81790 | Box makers nec |
| 81920 | Wooden tool makers |
| 81930 | Ski makers |
| 81990 | Other makers of wooden products |
| 82000 | Stone carvers or cutters and stone yard workers |
| 83120 | Blacksmiths |
| 83130 | Hammersmiths |
| 83140 | Forgemen |
| 83150 | Farriers or horseshoers |
| 83160 | Specialised makers of forged metal products |
| 83190 | Other blacksmiths, hammermen and forgeing-press operators |
| 83210 | Tool makers nfs |
| 83220 | Tool and die makers |
| 83230 | Pattern makers nfs and nec |
| 83290 | Other tool makers and metal markers |
| 83310 | Metalworking machine operators |
| 83320 | Metal turners |
| 83390 | Other metal working machine operators |
| 83400 | Machinists |
| 83520 | Metal polishers and finishers |
| 83530 | Metal grinders and sharpeners |
| 83540 | Cutlers and cutting instrument makers |
| 83550 | Cutler (knives, forks, spoon) |
| 83590 | Other metal grinders, polishers and tool sharpeners nec |
| 83600 | Gunsmiths |
| 83700 | Locksmiths |
| 83820 | Saw makers |
| 83830 | Saw, spade, shovel and half wood/half metal agricultural instrument type things |
| 83840 | Chain makers |
| 83850 | Nailer and nail makers |
| 83860 | Wire makers |
| 83890 | Other metal workers nec |
| 84110 | Mechanics |
| 84120 | Millwrights |
| 84130 | Machine makers, builders and fitters |
| 84140 | Engine and locomotive builders |
| 84150 | Sewing machine makers and builders |
| 84190 | Other machinery fitters and machine assemblers |
| 84220 | Watch and clock makers |
| 84230 | Optical instrument makers and workers (not opticians) |
| 84290 | Other specialized instrument makers (not musical instrument makers) |
| 84300 | Bicycle makers |
| 84400 | Motor vehicle manufacturing and repair workers, specialization unknown |
| 84460 | Automobile manufacturing workers |
| 84900 | Others in machinery |
| 85100 | Electrical fitters and electrical equipment assemblers |
| 85500 | Electricians and wiremen |
| 85600 | Telephone and telegraph installers |
| 85700 | Linesmen: telephone, telegraph and electric |
| 85920 | Electrical products inspector or tester |
| 85990 | Other electrical fitters and related electrical workers |
| 87120 | Plumbers |
| 87130 | Pipe fitters |
| 87220 | Welders |
| 87230 | Braziers |
| 87250 | Flamecutter |
| 87290 | Other welders, braziers, solderers |
| 87320 | Sheet metal worker, general |
| 87330 | Coppersmith or copperware maker |
| 87340 | Tinsmith, tinner or tinker |
| 87350 | Boilermaker |
| 87390 | Other sheet metal workers |
| 87420 | Structural metal workers |
| 87430 | Rivetters nec |
| 87490 | Other structural metal preparers and erectors |
| 87520 | Ship and boat builders |
| 87530 | Shipwrights and ship joiners |
| 87540 | Ship's carpenters |
| 87550 | Block, mast and tackle makers |
| 87560 | Caulker |
| 87590 | Other ship builders |
| 88020 | Jewellers |
| 88030 | Goldsmith |
| 88040 | Silversmith |
| 88050 | Working with gems and stones |
| 88090 | Other jewellery and precious metal workers |
| 89120 | Glass makers |
| 89130 | Glass bottle makers |
| 89190 | Other specific glass makers |
| 89200 | Pottery and porcelain makers and workers |
| 89300 | Brick and tile makers |
| 89400 | Glass engravers, etchers and finishers |
| 89500 | Pottery and porcelain painters |
| 89620 | Cement makers |
| 89630 | Lime burners |
| 89700 | Clay-based products makers |
| 90100 | Rubber product makers |
| 90200 | Tire makers and vulcanisers |
| 91020 | Paper and paperboard products makers, except boxes |
| 91090 | Other paper product makers |
| 91100 | Paper and paper board product makers |
| 92000 | Printers nec |
| 92110 | Printers nfs |
| 92120 | Compositors |
| 92190 | Other compositors and typesetters |
| 92200 | Lithographic printers |
| 92300 | Stereotypers and electrotypers |
| 92400 | Lithographers |
| 92500 | Photo-engravers |
| 92600 | Bookbinders and related workers |
| 92800 | Textile printers |
| 92900 | Other printers and related workers |
| 93110 | Painters, nfs |
| 93120 | Painters, construction |
| 93130 | Painters, ship |
| 93190 | Other specialised painters nec |
| 93200 | Decorators |
| 93320 | Lacquerers and enamellers |
| 93330 | Japanners |
| 93400 | Gilders |
| 94110 | Musical instrument maker nfs |
| 94120 | Piano maker |
| 94130 | Piano tuner |
| 94140 | Organ builder |
| 94190 | Other musical instrument makers and tuner |
| 94220 | Basket makers |
| 94230 | Brush makers |
| 94240 | Broom makers |
| 94290 | Bristle and straw workers nec |
| 94300 | Non-metallic mineral product makers |
| 94910 | Other production or related worker, specialisation unknown |
| 94920 | Animal stuffers, taxidermists and shell workers |
| 94930 | Linoleum makers and floor cloth makers |
| 94940 | Toy and doll makers |
| 94990 | Production and related workers nec |
| 95110 | Mason nfs or combined |
| 95120 | Bricklayers |
| 95130 | Stone masons |
| 95140 | Plasterers |
| 95150 | Paviours |
| 95160 | Marble mason |
| 95190 | Others in construction |
| 95200 | Cement masons and finishers |
| 95310 | Roofer, specialisation unknown |
| 95320 | Slate and tile roofers |
| 95330 | Thatchers |
| 95390 | Other roofers |
| 95410 | Carpenter and joiner |
| 95420 | Carpenters |
| 95430 | Joiners |
| 95440 | Scaffolders |
| 95490 | Other wooden construction workers |
| 95600 | Pipe coverers and insulators |
| 95700 | Glaziers |
| 95910 | Construction workers nec |
| 95920 | Paperhangers |
| 95930 | Carpet planners |
| 95940 | Whitewashers |
| 95950 | Demolition workers |
| 95960 | Marblers |
| 95990 | Others in building construction |
| 96100 | Electricity generators |
| 96220 | Engineers (US) nfs |
| 96230 | Stationary engineers and engine men |
| 96240 | Stationary firemen and firemen nfs |
| 96900 | Other stationary engine and related equipment operators |
| 97120 | Ship boat loaders and dock workers |
| 97130 | Railway freight handlers |
| 97140 | Porters |
| 97150 | Packers |
| 97190 | Other freight handlers |
| 97210 | Riggers nec or nfs |
| 97220 | Ship riggers |
| 97300 | Crane and hoist operators |
| 97410 | Navvy, excavator and diggers, nfs |
| 97420 | Road builders, workers and labourers |
| 97430 | Railway builders, workers and labourers |
| 97440 | Waterway and harbour builders, workers and labourers |
| 97490 | Other road, railway and related construction labourers |
| 97900 | Material handling equipment operators nec |
| 98120 | Seamen |
| 98130 | Boatmen and canalmen |
| 98190 | Other crew of boats, ships, etc. |
| 98200 | Ship's engine men |
| 98300 | Railway/railroad locomotive operators |
| 98320 | Railway/railroad engineers and enginemen |
| 98330 | Railway/railroad firemen and stokers |
| 98420 | Railway brakemen |
| 98430 | Railway signallers |
| 98440 | Railway switchmen and shunters |
| 98490 | Others skilled railway workers |
| 98510 | Drivers, nec |
| 98520 | Drivers (private) |
| 98530 | Drivers (personal, for hire) |
| 98540 | Drivers (public) |
| 98550 | Delivery men and drivers of goods |
| 98560 | Drivers (general haulage) |
| 98562 | Carter (agricultural) |
| 98570 | Teamsters (inc. mine driver, etc.) |
| 98590 | Others drivers |
| 98700 | Lock and gate keepers |
| 98720 | Lock keepers |
| 98730 | Gate keepers |
| 98900 | Other transport equipment operators |
| 99120 | Labourers nfs |
| 99130 | Common labourers or general labourers |
| 99140 | Day labourers (e.g., journalier) |
| 99150 | Worker nfs |
| 99200 | Factory labourers (unspecified) |
| 99300 | Occupational title unclassifiable |
| 99420 | Assistants nfs |
| 99430 | Helpers nfs |
| 99440 | Helpers of relative or helping at home |
| 99450 | Apprentices nfs |
| 99500 | Ambiguous responses |
| 99998 | Alternative occupation (Sweden) |
| 99999 | No occupation/unknown |
Warning: these figures indicate the number of cases found in the data file. They cannot be interpreted as summary statistics of the population of interest.
Description
Definition
OCCHISCO is a uniformly coded classification of occupations that is consistent across all countries. It is the most complicated variable to code consistently in the pre-1950 samples, and the present documentation does not fully cover the issues addressed. We will be progressively adding to the level of detail available on this variable. For example, we will occasionally provide examples of common responses below each code so that users will be able to see what responses were coded where. Users with queries about the coding of specific occupations should contact the IPUMS staff in the first instance. Users interested in variation in occupational responses below the level of detail provided in the codes (e.g., distinguishing "caretakers" from "janitors") should look at the OCCSTRNG variable.
The codes for OCC were adapted from the Historical International Standard Classification of Occupations (HISCO) coding scheme. More information on HISCO is available in M.H.D. van Leeuwen, I. Maas and A. Miles. (2002) HISCO: Historical International Standard Classification of Occupations. Leuven: Leuven University Press. HISCO in turn is based on the International Standard Classification of Occupations from 1968, commonly known as ISCO-68. Information on HISCO can also be located at the HISCO database of occupational titles, and the International Institute of Social History.
More information on the adaptations IPUMS made to HISCO can be found in the article "Occupational Classification in the North Atlantic Population Project" (2003), Historical Methods, Vol. 36, No. 2 (Part 2), pp.89-96.
Structure of the classification scheme
The classification scheme is hierarchical, in the sense that each digit in the 5 digit codes introduces a new level of detail. Codes sharing the same first 1, 2 or 3 digits are considered to be increasingly similar. For example, all people working in agriculture have the first digit 6. The first digit of a code indicates the "Major group" a person's occupation is in.
The second digit indicates a "Minor group" distinction. Continuing the previous example, people who have the first two digits "61" are farmers - who may specify what they are cultivating or tending - and farm managers. Thus, as well as sharing the characteristic of working in agriculture (6) they also share the characteristic of being owners or managers (61).
The first 3 digits denote the "Unit group" of an occupation. At the third digit level, we introduce more detail. For example, the unit group "612" indicates "Specialized farmers". Within this unit group, 4th and 5th digit distinctions known as "titles" or "headings" are made. For example, "61220" indicates "Field crop farmers," and "61230" indicates "Orchardists and fruit farmers."
Understanding headings
In general, if the last two digits of a code are "00" the heading is reserved for general titles. For example, in unit group "721" for "Metal smelter and furnace workers", the heading "72100" is reserved for responses such as "Metal smelter" and "Furnace men."
If the last two digits of a code are "10" the heading is reserved for "not further specified" titles (often abbreviated "n.f.s." or "nfs" in syntax files), and codes ending in "20", "30" and higher multiples of 10 are reserved for responses with more detail on some aspect of the occupation. For example, "58210" is the code for "Policemen and detectives, employer unknown," whereas "58220" and "58230" are the codes for "Policemen and detectives, public service," and "Policemen and detectives, private service" respectively.
Headings ending in digits other than "0" (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 9) are generally reserved for frequent responses specific to a particular country that probably belong with responses sharing the same first four digits of the heading. For example, "61115" ("Husbandman or cottar") in Norway and Sweden and "61117" ("Female farmer") in Canada could be classified with "Other general farmers" ("61110"), but occurred frequently enough that we felt they should be given a separate code for easier identification.
If the last two digits of a code are "90", the heading is reserved for "not elsewhere classified" responses. For example, "58290" is the code for "Other law enforcement officers".
The difference between "n.f.s." and "n.e.c." responses is that "n.f.s." responses are quite general, and may not offer much detail on the tasks and duties of the job. Conversely, "n.e.c." responses are typically quite detailed in the information provided, but there are not enough similar responses to justify a separate heading.
Alterations to HISCO
Compared to HISCO we have reduced the overall number of headings, while still introducing new ones, and retaining more detail from vaguely specified occupations.
In general, we made the fewest changes to the structure of the HISCO codes in major groups 0 and 1 (professional workers). We re-organized the codes within major groups 2 (administrative and managerial workers), 3 (clerical workers), 4 (sales workers), 5 (service workers), and 6 (workers in agriculture). We made the most substantial revisions in moving people between major groups in the manufacturing and transport major groups (7, 8, and 9).
In particular, we created codes for vague responses of the form "Works in [specified type of] factory," such as "Works in cotton mill." We grouped these workers with "Laborers" and titled, skilled workers in the same general industry.
We eliminated codes where HISCO made distinctions that were not consistently made in nineteenth century census data. For example, HISCO distinguished between hand and machine spinners. We found that most spinners did not specify whether they were spinning by hand or machine, more often giving information on what they were spinning (e.g., cotton, wool, silk), or a firm's name.
We introduced codes to handle vague occupations, as discussed above. We also created codes to retain linguistic and nominal distinctions above a rough frequency level. These distinctions are generally made in the fourth and fifth digit of the codes. For example, we distinguish between "Farm workers, specialisation unknown" (62110) and "Farmer's sons and other male relatives" (62113), because "farmer's son" was a numerically significant response in Canada. Both are considered part of the "Farm labourers and helpers, general farming and n.f.s" unit group (621).
Other variables
Responses to the occupational questions also returned information that cannot be classified within an occupational classification scheme, such as relationship to workers, or indications of status. Please see the documentation for the variables OCRELATE and OCSTATUS.
Information on the products sold by retail workers (Major Group 4) is available in the variable PRODUCT.
Occupations were also coded into domestic occupational classification schemes in Great Britain, Norway, and the United States. See the documentation for the following variables for more information.
Norway
OC1HIRNO
OC1TRDNO
OC2HIRNO
OC2TRDNO
United Kingdom
OCCICEM
United States
OCC95US
The codes for OCC were adapted from the Historical International Standard Classification of Occupations (HISCO) coding scheme. More information on HISCO is available in M.H.D. van Leeuwen, I. Maas and A. Miles. (2002) HISCO: Historical International Standard Classification of Occupations. Leuven: Leuven University Press. HISCO in turn is based on the International Standard Classification of Occupations from 1968, commonly known as ISCO-68. Information on HISCO can also be located at the HISCO database of occupational titles, and the International Institute of Social History.
More information on the adaptations IPUMS made to HISCO can be found in the article "Occupational Classification in the North Atlantic Population Project" (2003), Historical Methods, Vol. 36, No. 2 (Part 2), pp.89-96.
Structure of the classification scheme
The classification scheme is hierarchical, in the sense that each digit in the 5 digit codes introduces a new level of detail. Codes sharing the same first 1, 2 or 3 digits are considered to be increasingly similar. For example, all people working in agriculture have the first digit 6. The first digit of a code indicates the "Major group" a person's occupation is in.
The second digit indicates a "Minor group" distinction. Continuing the previous example, people who have the first two digits "61" are farmers - who may specify what they are cultivating or tending - and farm managers. Thus, as well as sharing the characteristic of working in agriculture (6) they also share the characteristic of being owners or managers (61).
The first 3 digits denote the "Unit group" of an occupation. At the third digit level, we introduce more detail. For example, the unit group "612" indicates "Specialized farmers". Within this unit group, 4th and 5th digit distinctions known as "titles" or "headings" are made. For example, "61220" indicates "Field crop farmers," and "61230" indicates "Orchardists and fruit farmers."
Understanding headings
In general, if the last two digits of a code are "00" the heading is reserved for general titles. For example, in unit group "721" for "Metal smelter and furnace workers", the heading "72100" is reserved for responses such as "Metal smelter" and "Furnace men."
If the last two digits of a code are "10" the heading is reserved for "not further specified" titles (often abbreviated "n.f.s." or "nfs" in syntax files), and codes ending in "20", "30" and higher multiples of 10 are reserved for responses with more detail on some aspect of the occupation. For example, "58210" is the code for "Policemen and detectives, employer unknown," whereas "58220" and "58230" are the codes for "Policemen and detectives, public service," and "Policemen and detectives, private service" respectively.
Headings ending in digits other than "0" (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 9) are generally reserved for frequent responses specific to a particular country that probably belong with responses sharing the same first four digits of the heading. For example, "61115" ("Husbandman or cottar") in Norway and Sweden and "61117" ("Female farmer") in Canada could be classified with "Other general farmers" ("61110"), but occurred frequently enough that we felt they should be given a separate code for easier identification.
If the last two digits of a code are "90", the heading is reserved for "not elsewhere classified" responses. For example, "58290" is the code for "Other law enforcement officers".
The difference between "n.f.s." and "n.e.c." responses is that "n.f.s." responses are quite general, and may not offer much detail on the tasks and duties of the job. Conversely, "n.e.c." responses are typically quite detailed in the information provided, but there are not enough similar responses to justify a separate heading.
Alterations to HISCO
Compared to HISCO we have reduced the overall number of headings, while still introducing new ones, and retaining more detail from vaguely specified occupations.
In general, we made the fewest changes to the structure of the HISCO codes in major groups 0 and 1 (professional workers). We re-organized the codes within major groups 2 (administrative and managerial workers), 3 (clerical workers), 4 (sales workers), 5 (service workers), and 6 (workers in agriculture). We made the most substantial revisions in moving people between major groups in the manufacturing and transport major groups (7, 8, and 9).
In particular, we created codes for vague responses of the form "Works in [specified type of] factory," such as "Works in cotton mill." We grouped these workers with "Laborers" and titled, skilled workers in the same general industry.
We eliminated codes where HISCO made distinctions that were not consistently made in nineteenth century census data. For example, HISCO distinguished between hand and machine spinners. We found that most spinners did not specify whether they were spinning by hand or machine, more often giving information on what they were spinning (e.g., cotton, wool, silk), or a firm's name.
We introduced codes to handle vague occupations, as discussed above. We also created codes to retain linguistic and nominal distinctions above a rough frequency level. These distinctions are generally made in the fourth and fifth digit of the codes. For example, we distinguish between "Farm workers, specialisation unknown" (62110) and "Farmer's sons and other male relatives" (62113), because "farmer's son" was a numerically significant response in Canada. Both are considered part of the "Farm labourers and helpers, general farming and n.f.s" unit group (621).
Other variables
Responses to the occupational questions also returned information that cannot be classified within an occupational classification scheme, such as relationship to workers, or indications of status. Please see the documentation for the variables OCRELATE and OCSTATUS.
Information on the products sold by retail workers (Major Group 4) is available in the variable PRODUCT.
Occupations were also coded into domestic occupational classification schemes in Great Britain, Norway, and the United States. See the documentation for the following variables for more information.
Norway
OC1HIRNO
OC1TRDNO
OC2HIRNO
OC2TRDNO
United Kingdom
OCCICEM
United States
OCC95US
concept
Concept