{"doc_desc":{"title":"Living Standards Survey 1995 -1997","idno":"DDI_CHN_1995_LSS_v01_M","prod_date":"2010-06-25","version_statement":{"version":"Version 1.1 (April 2011)."}},"study_desc":{"title_statement":{"idno":"CHN_1995_LSS_v01_M","title":"Living Standards Survey 1995 -1997","alt_title":"CLSS 1995"},"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Research Centre for Rural Economy and the World Bank","affiliation":""}],"production_statement":{"producers":[{"name":"The World Bank","affiliation":"","role":"Technical assistance"}]},"distribution_statement":{"contact":[{"name":"LSMS Data Manager","affiliation":"The World Bank","email":"lsms@worldbank.org","uri":"surveys.worldbank.org\/lsms"}]},"series_statement":{"series_name":"Living Standards Measurement Study [hh\/lsms]"},"study_info":{"abstract":"China Living Standards Survey (CLSS) consists of one household survey and one community (village) survey, conducted in Hebei and Liaoning Provinces (northern and northeast China) in July 1995 and July 1997 respectively. Five villages from each three sample counties of each province were selected (six were selected in Liaoyang County of Liaoning Province because of administrative area change). About 880 farm households were selected from total thirty-one sample villages for the household survey. The same thirty-one villages formed the samples of community survey. This document provides information on the content of different questionnaires, the survey design and implementation, data processing activities, and the different available data sets.","coll_dates":[{"start":"1995-07","end":"1995-08","cycle":""},{"start":"1997-07","end":"1997-08","cycle":""}],"nation":[{"name":"China","abbreviation":"CHN"}],"geog_coverage":"The China Living Standards Survey (CLSS) was conducted only in Hebei and Liaoning Provinces (northern and northeast China).","data_kind":"Sample survey data [ssd]","notes":"Household Questionnaire\n\nThe household questionnaire contains sections that collect data on household demographic structure, education, housing conditions, land, agricultural management, household non-agricultural business, household expenditures, gifts, remittances and other income sources, and credit and saving and loans. \n\nSection 1 GENERAL HOUSEHOLD INFORMATION\n\n- Personal id code, sex, relationship to the household head, ethnic group, type of resident permit (agricultural [nongye], non-agricultural [fei nongye], or no resident permit), date of birth, marital status of all people who spent the previous night in that household and for household members who are temporarily away from home. \n- Information for children of household members who are not living in home. Children who have died are not included. The information on the name, sex, types of resident permit, age, education level, education cost, reasons not living in home, current living place, and type of job of each such child is recorded.\n\nSection 2 SCHOOLING\n\n- Information about literacy and numeracy, school attendance, completion, and current enrollment for all household members of preschool age and older. For those who were enrolled in school at the time of the survey, information was also collected on school attendance, expenses, and scholarships. If applicable, information on serving as an apprentice, technical or professional training was also collected.\n\nSection 3 EMPLOYMENT\n\n- Information on farm and non-farm employment. \n- Information on the major and the second non-farm job. \n- Information includes number of months worked, average works days (or hours) per month (per day), total number of years worked for these jobs, different components of income, type of employment contracts. Information on employer's ownership type and location was also collected.\n- Information on average hours spent doing chores and housework at home every day during non-busy and busy season. The chores refer to cooking, laundry, cleaning, shopping, cutting woods, as well as small-scale farm yard animals raising. Information about days spent helping others (including farming, building houses, not including \"labor exchange\" activities) without compensation.\n- Information on searching and getting the major non-farm job (estimated income from a non-farm job, reasons for giving up a non-farm job or not finding a non-farm job).\n- Information about how the member got the job, what kind of help he\/she received from other people, the relation between the member and the person who provided certain kinds help (e.g., information or recommendation for him\/her to get the job).\n- Information of the household's corvee labor (yiwu gong). Corvee labor refers to a certain amount of work days farmers spend on collective projects (mainly collective infrastructure projects such as road construction, building and maintaining irrigation system) without compensation. \n\nSection 4 HOUSING\n\n- Information on the number of rooms in the dwelling, ownership status, construction materials of the house, the year the house was built, cost of construction, current value of the house, total construction area, living area, and the area used for production purpose. \n\nSection 5 FARM LAND\n\n- Information on the village's allocation of different tenure types land to the household \n- Information on land readjustment in past five years, land rental transaction among households, farmers' willingness to engage in land rental activities, procurement quota, and other duties associated with land.\n- Basic information on each land plot currently farmed by the household. Information includes the time the household started to farm the plot, plot size, crops (summer and fall) planted, tenure types (e.g., responsibility land, ration land, private land), and some land quality indicators, such as irrigation condition, fertility category (high, medium, low, and very poor quality), topographic characteristics, and information on natural disaster.\n\nSection 6 AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT\n\n- Information about on-farm labor activities, which refer to labor input in grain and cash crop production, such as basic farm land preparation, applying organic fertilizer, transplanting, irrigation activities, and harvesting. Labor input in small scale farm-yard animal raising also is included. \n- Information about different agricultural inputs and agricultural assets (e.g., farm machines and equipment) respectively. Agricultural inputs refer to physical amount and\/or money value of different kinds of fertilizer, herbicide and pesticide, electricity, diesel and gas. Expenses on hiring labor and labor exchange with other households also are included. Agricultural assets refer to tractors, mechanical plough, pump, mill or food processor, trailer for truck or tractor, and bullocks.\n- Information about crop output, disposal, storage, and marketing. Disposal includes self-consumption, use as seed and feed, gift, and being borrowed by other households. Marketing includes amount sold to state under procurement quota obligation and under negotiated price, amount and number of transactions at free market. \n- Information about processing farm products, such as labor input (work days), total expense, frequency of transaction, and total income. \n- Information on livestock production, such as type and number of livestock, marketing income, expenses for raising livestock etc.. Section 6G contains information on vegetable production, orchard management, forest and fish pond production activities, such as area, investment and its sources, total output, inputs (labor, seed, fertilizer), and taxes.\n\nSection 7 FAMILY-RUN NON-FARM BUSINESS\n\n- Data on household non-farm businesses\n- Data on the ownership, type of business, investment and its sources for each enterprises. \n- Information on assets, such as buildings, vehicles, tools, and inventory of raw materials and products. \n- Information on enterprise debt and its structure (e.g., bank loan, loan from collective or cooperative foundation, and private loan). Expenditures over the last twelve months on wage, raw materials, taxes and other management activities. \n\nSection 8 HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE\n\n- Detailed expenditure information on thirty-four items of market purchased food (including expenditure in restaurants) in past one year. \n- Information on consumption from home produced food (total thirty-two items) in past one year.\n\nSection 9 GIFT-EXCHANGE, REMITTANCES, AND OTHER INCOME\n\n- Information on amounts, relation and location of the recipients of remittances sent out from the household. \n- Data on remittances received by the household. \n- Information on other income (money and goods) from sources other than employment, such as subsidies from government, medicare subsidies, interest on saving, gifts, dowry or inheritance, and rent from land, equipment, and houses.\n\nSection 10 CREDIT AND SAVINGS\n\n- Information on the amount of indebtedness of household members to people or institutions outside the household. General information includes number of times and number of different sources the household has ever borrowed money from in last five years. \n\nCOMMUNITY QUESTIONNAIRE\n\nSection 1 VILLAGE BASIC INFORMATION AND LABOR MIGRATION\n\nVillage basic information and labor migration. In village basic information part, information on size of village (number of households, number of groups, number of population and labor), infrastructure condition (e.g., road condition, number of bus or other passenger vehicle pass through the village, communication system, water system), village supplied agricultural production services (transportation of production inputs, land preparation service, irrigation service, crop protection service), allocation and adjustment of procurement quotas, taxes, and fees. Information on local farm labor market and farmers' corvee labor obligation was also collected.\nDetailed information about out-migrants and in-migrants. Out-migrants are divided into five groups: permanent out-migrants, long-term outmigrants, commuters, self-employment, and villagers working in the village's collective and private enterprises. In-migrants are divided into three groups: permanent in-migrants, long-term inmigrants, and commuters. For each group of migrants, information on total number of migrants, education level, age structure, ownership type of employer, first three popular jobs, and moving destinations (for permanent, long-term, and commuters of out-migrants) was collected.\n\nSection 2 CULTIVATED LAND SYSTEM\n\nDetailed questions about cultivated land management in the village. Information includes total cultivated land area and its structure in terms of different tenure types, such as private plots (ziliu di), rationed land (kouliang tian), responsibility land (zeren tian), and contract land (chengbao tian). For each land tenure type, land rights information on who hold the power on land readjustment, rental transaction, plot exchange, crop choice, input mix decision is collected. Information on obligation or duties associated with land, such as procurement quota, agricultural taxes, and local taxes, is also gathered. Specifically, village leaders reported the frequency, reasons, average magnitude, and timing of the village's land readjustment. \n\nSection 3 VILLAGE STORES, PERIODIC MARKETS, AND FARMERS COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES\n\n- Information on the stores in the villages, such as the number of department store, grocery store, restaurants and their ownership type (collective-run, private store). Information on where farmer buy their daily supplies and durable goods is also collected. \n- Information on two periodic markets the villagers attend most frequently, including location of the market and distance from the village, how long the market has been established, the frequency of marketing operation, market size, the reason of the market size change. Information on farmers' major purposes for attending the market, places the most buyers and sellers come from, whether the market is a specialized market is also collected in the second part of the Section.\n- Information on farmers' selling (proportion by different buyers), exchange, and consumption of major agricultural products, such as major grain crops, cash crop, and major livestock product. Information on farmers purchase (proportion by difference sources) of staple food and non-staple food is also collected. Price difference between market and state grain station of paddy, rice, wheat and flour in 1988 and 1996 is also collected.\n\nSection 4 VILLAGE-RUN ENTPERPRISE\n\n- Information on one village-run enterprise. Information about the enterprise includes the year the business was established, major products (codes), basic information on the manager (gender, age, education, the place he\/she came from, the number of years he\/she has worked in the enterprise, personal experience - such as a veteran, or was a manager of a state-own enterprise, or was a government official), the relation between manager and village cadres, manager's decision power on business affairs, the type of contract signed between village and manager etc. \n- Information on the size of the enterprise in terms of number of workers, amount of investment, value of fixed asset, and profit. \n- Information on major methods the enterprise used to purchase raw materials and sell its products.\n\nSection 5 RURAL CREDIT MARKET\n\n- Basic information on farmers' saving, borrowing (from both financial institution and private person), and allocation of poverty alleviation fund (PAF) if applicable. \n- Basic information on the allocation of poverty alleviation fund (PAF), such as sources of PAF, interest rate, the average income level of PAF beneficiaries, and major activities the PAF were invested.\n\nSection 8 CHEMICAL FERTILIZER MARKET\n\n- Information on the supply and its changes of subsidized (pingjia) and non-subsidized (yijia) major kinds chemical fertilizers (nitrogen, phosphate, and potash). Information includes whether there is subsidized fertilizer, how it is allocated to farm households, and the proportion of subsidized fertilizer accounts of total amount fertilizer used by farmers. \n\nSection 9 VILLAGE LEADERSHIP\n\nBasic information on village-level political institutions. Information in this section includes when the Village Committee (cunweihui) was established, the frequency of election of members to the Village Committee, village leaders' role in the village-run enterprises, and the election of party secretary. Enumerators also collected information on formation, frequency of meeting, and general attendance of the Village Assembly, the Village Representative Conference, and the Village Enterprises Management Committee. The section also records information about party secretary (shuji) and chairman of the Village Committee (cunzhuren), such as age, education level, years as a village leader, veteran or not, the job before being elected as a leader. Finally, the section collects brief information on village's most recent and first time election, such as the year of election, content of the election, and whether or not the election is competitive (i.e., the number of candidates are more than number of positions)."},"method":{"data_collection":{"sampling_procedure":"The CLSS sample is not a rigorous random sample drawn from a well-defined population. Instead it is only a rough approximation of the rural population in Hebei and Liaoning provinces in Northeastern China. The reason for this is that part of the motivation for the survey was to compare the current conditions with conditions that existed in Hebei and Liaoning in the 1930\u2019s. Because of this, three counties in Hebei and three counties in Liaoning were selected as \"primary sampling units\" because data had been collected from those six counties by the Japanese occupation government in the 1930\u2019s. Within each of these six counties (xian) five villages (cun) were selected, for an overall total of 30 villages (in fact, an administrative change in one village led to 31 villages being selected). In each county a \"main village\" was selected that was in fact a village that had been surveyed in the 1930s. Because of the interest in these villages 50 households were selected from each of these six villages (one for each of the six counties). In addition, four other villages were selected in each county. These other villages were not drawn randomly but were selected so as to \"represent\" variation within the county. Within each of these villages 20 households were selected for interviews. Thus the intended sample size was 780 households, 130 from each county.\n\nUnlike county and village selection, the selection of households within each village was done according to standard sample selection procedures. In each village, a list of all households in the village was obtained from village leaders. An \"interval\" was calculated as the number of the households in the village divided by the number of households desired for the sample (50 for main villages and 20 for other villages). For the list of households, a random number was drawn between 1 and the interval number. This was used as a starting point. The interval was then added to this number to get a second number, then the interval was added to this second number to get a third number, and so on. The set of numbers produced were the numbers used to select the households, in terms of their order on the list. \n\nIn fact, the number of households in the sample is 785, as opposed to 780. Most of this difference is due to a village in which 24 households were interviewed, as opposed to the goal of 20 households","coll_mode":"Face-to-face [f2f]","research_instrument":"Household Questionnaire\n\nThe household questionnaire contains sections that collect data on household demographic structure, education, housing conditions, land, agricultural management, household non-agricultural business, household expenditures, gifts, remittances and other income sources, and saving and loans. For some sections (general household information, schooling, housing, gift-exchange, remittance, other income, and credit and savings) the individual designated by the household members as the household head provided responses. For some other sections (farm land, agricultural management, family-run non-farm business, and household consumption expenditure) a member identified as the most knowledgeable provided responses. Identification codes for respondents of different sections indicate who provided the information. In sections where the information collected pertains to individuals (employment), whenever possible, each member of the household was asked to respond for himself or herself, except that parents were allowed to respond for younger children. Therefore, in the case of the employment section it is possible that the information was not provided by the relevant person; variables in this section indicate when this is true. \n\nThe household questionnaire was completed in a one-time interview in the summer of 1995. The survey was designed so that more sensitive issues such as credit and savings were discussed near the end. The content of each section is briefly described below.\n\nSection 0 SURVEY INFORMATION\n\nThis section mainly summarizes the results of the survey visits. The following information was entered into the computer: whether the survey and the data entry were completed, codes of supervisor\u2019s brief comments on interviewer, data entry operator, and related revising suggestion (e.g., 1. good, 2. revise at office, and 3. re-interview needed). Information about the date of interview, the names of interviewer, supervisor, data enterer, and detail notes of interviewer and supervisor were not entered into the computer.\n\nSection 1 GENERAL HOUSEHOLD INFORMATION\n\n1A HOUSEHOLD STRUCTURE\n1B INFORMATION ABOUT THE HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS\u2019 PARENTS\n1C INFORMATION ABOUT THE CHILDREN WHO ARE NOT LIVING IN HOME\n\nSection 1A lists the personal id code, sex, relationship to the household head, ethnic group, type of resident permit (agricultural [nongye], non-agricultural [fei nongye], or no resident permit), date of birth, marital status of all people who spent the previous night in that household and for household members who are temporarily away from home. The household head is listed first and receives the personal id code 1. Household members were defined to include \u201call the people who normally live and eat their meals together in this dwelling.\u201d Those who were absent more than nine of the last twelve months were excluded, except for the head of household. For individuals who are married and whose spouse resides in the household, the personal id number of the spouse is noted. By doing so, information on the spouse can be collected by appropriately merging information from the section 1A and other parts of the survey.\n\nSection 1B collects information on the parents of all household members. For individuals whose parents reside in the household, parents\u2019 personal id numbers are noted, and information can be obtained by appropriately merging information from other parts of the survey. For individuals whose parents do not reside in the household, information is recorded on whether each parent is alive, as well as their schooling and occupation.\n\nSection 1C collects information for children of household members who are not living in home. Children who have died are not included. The information on the name, sex, types of resident permit, age, education level, education cost, reasons not living in home, current living place, and type of job of each such child is recorded.\n\nSection 2 SCHOOLING\n\nIn Section 2, information about literacy and numeracy, school attendance, completion, and current enrollment for all household members of preschool age and older. The interpretation of pre-school age appears to have varied, with the result that while education information is available for some children of pre-school age, not all pre-school children were included in this section. But for ages 6 and above information is available for nearly all individuals, so in essence the data on schooling can be said to apply all persons 6 age and above. For those who were enrolled in school at the time of the survey, information was also collected on school attendance, expenses, and scholarships. If applicable, information on serving as an apprentice, technical or professional training was also collected.\n\nSection 3 EMPLOYMENT\n\n3A GENERAL INFORMATION\n3B MAJOR NON-FARM JOB IN 1994\n3C THE SECOND NON-FARM JOB IN 1994\n3D OTHER EMPLOYMENT ACTIVITIES IN 1994\n3E SEARCHING FOR NON-FARM JOB\n3F PROCESS FOR GETTING MAJOR NON-FARM JOB\n3G CORVEE LABOR\n\nAll individuals age thirteen and above were asked to respond to the employment activity questions in Section 3. Section 3A collects general information on farm and non-farm employment, such as whether or not the household member worked on household own farm in 1994, when was the last year the member worked on own farm if he\/she did not work in 1994, work days and hours during busy season, occupation and sector codes of the major, second, and third non-farm jobs, work days and total income of these non-farm jobs. There is a variable which indicates whether or not the individual responded for himself or herself.\n\nSections 3B and 3C collect detailed information on the major and the second non-farm job. Information includes number of months worked and which month in 1994 the member worked on these jobs, average works days (or hours) per month (per day), total number of years worked for these jobs by the end of 1994, different components of income, type of employment contracts. Information on employer\u2019s ownership type and location was also collected.\n\nSection 3D collects information on average hours spent doing chores and housework at home every day during non-busy and busy season. The chores refer to cooking, laundry, cleaning, shopping, cutting woods, as well as small-scale farm yard animals raising, for example, pigs or chickens. Large-scale animal raising is excluded. Information about days spent helping others (including farming, building houses, not including \u201clabor exchange\u201d activities) without compensation in 1994 was also collected.\n\nInformation on searching and getting the major non-farm job was collected in Section 3E and 3F. Section 3E contains information on the member\u2019s estimated income which he\/she could get from a non-farm job, reasons for giving up a non-farm job or not finding a non-farm job.\n\nSection 3F contains information about how the member got the job, what kind of help he\/she received from other people, the relation between the member and the person who provided certain kinds help (e.g., information or recommendation for him\/her to get the job).\n\nSection 3G collects information of the household\u2019s corvee labor (yiwu gong). Corvee labor refers to a certain amount of work days farmers spend on collective projects (mainly collective infrastructure projects such as road construction, building and maintaining irrigation system) without compensation. Information includes the amount of corvee labor (number of work days), whether the household fulfilled its \u201cobligation\u201d, amount of money the household paid for hiring other people to fulfill the corvee labor if the household did not fulfill it by itself.\n\nSection 4 HOUSING\n\nSection 4 contains basic information on housing for all households interviewed. Information was collected on the number of rooms in the dwelling, ownership status, construction materials of the house, the year the house was built, cost of construction, current value of the house, total construction area, living area, and the area used for production purpose. Area is measured in square meters.\n\nSection 5 FARM LAND\n\n5A GENERAL INFORMATION OF FARM LAND\n5B PLOTS\n5C PLOTS COMPARISON\n\nWhenever is possible, a household member identified as the most knowledgeable on household\u2019s farm land situation provided responses in Section 5. \n\nSection 5A records information on the village\u2019s allocation of different tenure types land to the household since the Household Responsibility System (HRS) was introduced in early 1980s. Section 5A also collects information on land readjustment in past five years, land rental transaction among households, farmers\u2019 willingness to engage in land rental activities, procurement quota, and other duties associated with land.\n\nSection 5B contains basic information on each land plot currently farmed by the household. Information includes the time the household started to farm the plot, plot size, crops (summer and fall) planted, tenure types (e.g., responsibility land, ration land, private land), and some land quality indicators, such as irrigation condition, fertility category (high, medium, low, and very poor quality), topographic characteristics, and information on natural disaster on each plot in 1994 cropping year.\n\nSection 5C is designed to compare the farmer\u2019s production behavior on two plots with different land tenure types and associated land rights. Two plots, generally with different tenure types but farming the same crop, were selected for a careful investigation. Information includes labor input, animal traction, fertilizer use (organic fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, and nitrogen fertilizer), other inputs (pesticide, herbicide), seed (conventional and hybrid), output, distance from plot to home, duties associated with each plot (procurement quota, taxes, and fee), village supplied unified production services if any, tenure type, some indicators of land rights (when the plot contract will expire, who makes the decisions about crop choice).\n\nSection 6 AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT\n\n6A ON-FARM LABOR\n6B AGRICULTURAL INPUT\n6C AGRICULTURAL ASSETS, FARM MACHIMES AND EQUIPMENTS\n6D1 CROP OUTPUT, DISPOSAL, STORAGE, AND MARKETING\n6D2 CROP BY-PRODUCT\n6E PROCESSING FARM PRODUCTS\n6F LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION\n6G VEGETABLE PRODUCITON, ORCHARD MANAGEMENT, FOREST AND FISH POND ACTIVITIES\n\nWhenever possible, a household member identified as the most knowledgeable on household\u2019s farming activities provided responses in Section 6. \n\nSection 6A collects information about on-farm labor activities, which refer to labor input in grain and cash crop production, such as basic farm land preparation, applying organic fertilizer, transplanting, irrigation activities, and harvesting. Labor input in small scale farm-yard animal raising also is included. On-farm labor, however, does not include labor input in commercialized large scale animal raising, vegetable production, orchard production, fish pond management, and corvee labor obligation. \n\nSection 6B and 6C contain information about different agricultural inputs and agricultural assets (e.g., farm machines and equipment) respectively. Agricultural inputs refer to physical amount and\/or money value of different kinds of fertilizer, herbicide and pesticide, electricity, diesel and gas. Expenses on hiring labor and labor exchange with other households also are included. In Section 6C, agricultural assets refer to tractors, mechanical plough, pump, mill or food processor, trailer for truck or tractor, and bullocks.\n\nSection 6D1 collects information about crop output, disposal, storage, and marketing. Disposal includes self-consumption, use as seed and feed, gift, and being borrowed by other households. Marketing includes amount sold to state under procurement quota obligation and under negotiated price, amount and number of transactions at free market. Section 6D2 collects information on crop by-product.\n\nSection 6E contains information about processing farm products, such as labor input (work days), total expense, frequency of transaction, and total income. \n\nSection 6F includes information on livestock production, such as type and number of livestock, marketing income, expenses for raising livestock etc.. Section 6G contains information on vegetable production, orchard management, forest and fish pond production activities, such as area, investment and its sources, total output, inputs (labor, seed, fertilizer), and taxes.\n\nSection 7 FAMILY-RUN NON-FARM BUSINESS\n\n7A GENERAL INFORMATION\n7B ASSETS\n7C DEBTS\n7D EXPENDITURES\n7E PROFITS\n\nSection 7 gathers data on household non-farm businesses for the three most important enterprises operated by the household. The respondent is a household member identified as the most familiar with the business operation. Section 7A collects data on the ownership, type of business, investment and its sources for each enterprises. Section 7B contains information on assets, such as buildings, vehicles, tools, and inventory of raw materials and products. Section 7C gathers information on enterprise debt and its structure (e.g., bank loan, loan from collective or cooperative foundation, and private loan). Expenditures over the last twelve months on wage, raw materials, taxes and other management activities are collected in Section 7D. In Section 7E, the respondent is asked to report total revenue, profits, and the amount (in money) of the enterprise\u2019s product was consumed by the household in the past twelve months.\n\nSection 8 HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE\n\n8A EXPENDITURES ON PURCHASING FOOD\n8B HOME PRODUCED FOOD CONSUMPTION\n8C NON-FOOD DAILY EXPENSES AND SERVICE EXPENDITURES\n8D DURABLE GOODS EXPENDITURES\n\nSection 8A collects detailed expenditure information on thirty-four items of market purchased food (including expenditure in restaurants) in past one year. Besides market purchases (including barter), Section 8B gathers information on consumption from home produced food (total thirty-two items) in past one year. In Section 8C, respondents were asked to recall the amount spent in past twelve months on daily expenses such as shoes, cloth, clothing, home repairs, public transport, paper supplies, kitchen equipment, medical services, jewelry, entertainment, cigarettes, soap. Amount, purchase price, year of purchase, and current value of durable goods owned were collected in Section 8D.\n\nSection 9 GIFT-EXCHANGE, REMITTANCES, AND OTHER INCOME\n\n9A Gifts and Remittances sent to others\n9B Gifts and Remittances received from others\n9C Other income\n\nSection 9A records the information on amounts, relation and location of the recipients of remittances sent out from the household. Section 9B collects data on remittances received by the household. Section 9C contains information on other income (money and goods) from sources other than employment, such as subsidies from government, medicare subsidies, interest on saving, gifts, dowry or inheritance, and rent from land, equipment, and houses.\n\nSection 10 CREDIT AND SAVINGS\n\n10A MONEY AND GOODS BORROWED\n10B MONEY AND GOODS LENT\n\nSection 10A collects information on the amount of indebtedness of household members to people or institutions outside the household. General information includes number of times and number of different sources the household has ever borrowed money from in last five years. If money or goods have been borrowed, or borrowed and repaid by any household member in past five years, information is collected on those loans, including the source and amount of the loan, interest, collateral requirement, repayment schedule, reason for each time of borrowing, amount paid in 1994, and amount still owed at the end of 1994. In Section 10B, the household is asked to report the number of times it lent money or goods to other people and institutions in past five years. If money or goods have been lent, or lent and repaid by other people and institutions in past five years, information is collected on those lending activities. The household is also asked to list different places (e.g., banks, credit union, loan to enterprises, leave it at home) to put away money which is not being used for a while, and to estimate maximum amount of money can be taken from own assets in facing of some kind of disaster or need to build a new house.\n\nCOMMUNITY QUESTIONNAIRE\n\nA community survey was conducted in the same thirty-one sample villages from July to August in 1997. In each village, the enumerators interviewed three village leaders: the party secretary (shuji), the chairman of village committee or village leader (cunzhuren or cunzhang), and the village accountant (kuaiji). These three leaders generally are recognized as the most knowledgeable about village institutions now and in the past. The three leaders answered questions which included parts on off-farm labor, land management, local industrial management, local credit markets, periodic markets, agricultural input and output markets, and the local political institutions. Enumerators asked for information about two years \u2013 1995 and 1988. Enumerators also collected secondary data (from 1995, 1988, and 1980) on each village from statistical records of all villages. Information includes village basic information (e.g., total land area, total number of households, total population, income per capita, sown area, outputs and procurement quotas of different crops), and village budget information.\n\nSection 1 VILLAGE BASIC INFORMATION AND LABOR MIGRATION\n\nThe Section 1 consists of two part: village basic information and labor migration. In village basic information part, information on size of village (number of households, number of groups, number of population and labor), infrastructure condition (e.g., road condition, number of bus or other passenger vehicle pass through the village, communication system, water system), village supplied agricultural production services (transportation of production inputs, land preparation service, irrigation service, crop protection service), allocation and adjustment of procurement quotas, taxes, and fees. Information on local farm labor market and farmers\u2019 corvee labor obligation was also collected.\n\nDetailed information about out-migrants and in-migrants was collected in the labor migration part. Out-migrants are divided into five groups: permanent out-migrants, long-term outmigrants, commuters, self-employment, and villagers working in the village\u2019s collective and private enterprises. In-migrants are divided into three groups: permanent in-migrants, long-term inmigrants, and commuters. For each group of migrants, information on total number of migrants, education level, age structure, ownership type of employer, first three popular jobs, and moving destinations (for permanent, long-term, and commuters of out-migrants) was collected.\n\nSection 2 CULTIVATED LAND SYSTEM\n\nIn Section 2, village leaders answered detailed questions about cultivated land management in the village. Information includes total cultivated land area and its structure in terms of different tenure types, such as private plots (ziliu di), rationed land (kouliang tian), responsibility land (zeren tian), and contract land (chengbao tian). For each land tenure type, land rights information on who hold the power on land readjustment, rental transaction, plot exchange, crop choice, input mix decision is collected. Information on obligation or duties associated with land, such as procurement quota, agricultural taxes, and local taxes, is also gathered. Specifically, village leaders reported the frequency, reasons, average magnitude, and timing of the village\u2019s land readjustment. Leaders also answered questions on other village-level regulations on land management, such as the village\u2019s rental activities and related institutions (including local rules concerning renting, number of households rented land in and out, and area of land engaged in rental transaction), process of village contracting out land, situation of land fragmentation, and village\u2019s attitude toward promoting largescale farming.\n\nSection 3 VILLAGE STORES, PERIODIC MARKETS, AND FARMERS COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES\n\nSection 3 has three parts. The first part gathers information on the stores in the villages, such as the number of department store, grocery store, restaurants and their ownership type (collective-run, private store). Information on where farmer buy their daily supplies and durable goods is also collected. The second part of Section 3 collects detailed information on two periodic markets the villagers attend most frequently, including location of the market and distance from the village, how long the market has been established, the frequency of marketing operation, market size (in terms of estimated number of people attended the market in 1980, 88, and 96), the reason of the market size change. Information on farmers\u2019 major purposes for attending the market, places the most buyers and sellers come from, whether the market is a specialized market is also collected in the second part of the Section.\nThe third part of Section 3 contains information on farmers\u2019 selling (proportion by different buyers), exchange, and consumption of major agricultural products, such as major grain crops, cash crop, and major livestock product. Information on farmers purchase (proportion by difference sources) of staple food and non-staple food is also collected. Price difference between market and state grain station of paddy, rice, wheat and flour in 1988 and 1996 is also collected.\n\nSection 4 VILLAGE-RUN ENTPERPRISE\n\nSection 4 records detailed information on one village-run enterprise. If the village has more than one enterprise, the enumerator selected one of them randomly. Information about the enterprise includes the year the business was established, major products (codes), basic information on the manager (gender, age, education, the place he\/she came from, the number of years he\/she has worked in the enterprise, personal experience - such as a veteran, or was a manager of a state-own enterprise, or was a government official), the relation between manager and village cadres, manager\u2019s decision power on business affairs, the type of contract signed between village and manager etc. Information on the size of the enterprise in terms of number of workers, amount of investment, value of fixed asset, and profit is also recorded. Finally, Section 4 collects information on major methods the enterprise used to purchase raw materials and sell its products.\n\nSection 5 RURAL CREDIT MARKET\n\nSection 5 includes basic information on farmers\u2019 saving, borrowing (from both financial institution and private person), and allocation of poverty alleviation fund (PAF) if applicable. Village leaders estimated the proportion of farm households which have deposits in the bank and the average amount of saving these households have. Information on major financial institutions, such as distance from the village, the transportation time needed to go these institutions, market share of different institutions, and degree of convenience to withdraw money, is also collected. Section 5 lists out some typical activities (e.g., buying production inputs, buying draft animals, running a small business, constructing a house, dealing with illness) and asks village leaders to estimate the proportion of farm households that need to borrow money, the average amount they need to borrow, and the three major borrowing sources. Village leaders also estimated the proportion of private borrowing out of total numbers of borrowing, and the interest rate of private borrowing if applicable. Finally, village leaders reported basic information on the allocation of poverty alleviation fund (PAF), such as sources of PAF, interest rate, the average income level of PAF beneficiaries, and major activities the PAF were invested.\n\nSection 6 SEED MARKET\n\nSection 6 collects information on local seeds market for rice, wheat, corn, and vegetable. Information in this section includes proportion of regular seeds farmers purchased from market, the price of regular and hybrid seeds, market share of different seeds supplying sources (includes private traders).\nThe data from Section 6 are not available for distribution.\n\nSection 7 CORN PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY\n\nHebei and Liaoning are two major corn production provinces in China. Section 7 contains basic information such as major uses of corn (e.g., for staple food, feed, brewing liquor), the history of using hybrid corn (which year started, the area sown), and three major constraints of increasing the corn yield.\n\nSection 8 CHEMICAL FERTILIZER MARKET\n\nSection 8 collects information on the supply and its changes of subsidized (pingjia) and non-subsidized (yijia) major kinds chemical fertilizers (nitrogen, phosphate, and potash). Information includes whether there is subsidized fertilizer, how it is allocated to farm households, and the proportion of subsidized fertilizer accounts of total amount fertilizer used by farmers. Enumerators also asked village leaders to recall the information pertaing to the development of fertilizer markets, for example, the changes to the subsidized fertilizer supply in past eight years and the reasons for these changes (e.g., when and why state stopped or resumed supplying subsidized fertilizer), whether or not the state commercial units guaranteed the supply of subsidized fertilizer, the major sources from which farmers buy chemical fertilizers, and if there was a serious shortage of fertilizer in past eight years.\n\nSection 9 VILLAGE LEADERSHIP\n\nSection 9 contains basic information on village-level political institutions. Information in this section includes when the Village Committee (cunweihui) was established, the frequency of election of members to the Village Committee, village leaders\u2019 role in the village-run enterprises, and the election of party secretary. Enumerators also collected information on formation, frequency of meeting, and general attendance of the Village Assembly, the Village Representative Conference, and the Village Enterprises Management Committee. The section also records information about party secretary (shuji) and chairman of the Village Committee (cunzhuren), such as age, education level, years as a village leader, veteran or not, the job before being elected as a leader. Finally, the section collects brief information on village\u2019s most recent and first time election, such as the year of election, content of the election, and whether or not the election is competitive (i.e., the number of candidates are more than number of positions).\n\nSection 10 FORESTRY\n\nSection 10 on Forestry was not administered in the 1997 survey. It was used in an earlier administration of the survey. Section 10 is only included in the Chinese version of the Community Questionnaire.","coll_situation":"The data were collected as a joint effort of China\u2019s Research Centre for Rural Economy (RCRE), which is part of China\u2019s Ministry of Agriculture, and a North American team consisting of Loren Brandt (University of Toronto), Paul Glewwe (World Bank), and Scott Rozelle (Stanford University and University of California at Davis). The RCRE team was led by Mr. Bai Nan-Shang.\n\nThe household survey data were collected in the summer of 1995. The interviewers consisted of students in the Department of Sociology at Beijing University. The interviewers were trained over a period of two weeks immediately before the beginning of the survey. They were divided into teams, each of which had interviewers and a data entry operator. Each team covered two counties, one each in Heibei and Liaoning. The three North American collaborators and Mr. Bai served as supervisors. Each team worked in a county for 3-4 weeks.\n\nData entry was done in the villages where the interviews took place, either on the day of the interview or on the following day. A customized data entry program was used to detect errors and inconsistencies, which allowed the interviewers to return to the households to correct any errors found. Data collection began in July 1995 and ended in August 1995. No major problems occurred in the field work, and the data appear to be of very good quality.\n\nAlthough village level data were also collected in the summer of 1995, analysis of those data revealed many problems and all 31 villages were revisited in July and August of 1997 to collect village level data. In each village, the enumerators interviewed three village leaders: the party secretary (shuji), the chairman of village committee or village leader (cunzhuren or cunzhang), and the village accountant (kuaiji). These three leaders generally are recognized as the most knowledgeable about village institutions now and in the past.","method_notes":"This section describes the different data processing stages between the actual interviewing and the final datasets that are ready for use by researchers. The main reason for being aware of these data processing steps is that in case of questions about data quality, the first place to look for answers should be the process through which data passed from the questionnaire to the final dataset stage.\n\nAll responses obtained from the household interviews were recorded in the household questionnaires. These were then entered into the computer, in the field, using data entry programs written in BASIC. The data produced by the data entry program were in the form of household files, i.e. one data file for all of the data in one household\/community questionnaire. Thus for the household there were about 880 data files.\n\nThese data files were processed at the University of Toronto and the World Bank to produce datasets in statistical software formats, each of which contained information for all households for a subset of variables. The subset of variables chosen corresponded to data entry screens, so these files are hereafter referred to as \"screen files\". For the household survey component 66 data files were created. Members of the survey team checked and corrected data by checking the questionnaires for original recorded information. We would like to emphasize that correction here refers to checking questionnaires, in case of errors in skip patterns, incorrect values, or outlying values, and changing values if and only if data in the computer were different from those in the questionnaires. The personnel in charge of data preparation were given specific instructions not to change data even if values in the questionnaires were clearly incorrect. We have no reason to believe that these instructions were not followed, and every reason to believe that the data resulting from these checks and corrections are accurate and of the highest quality possible.\n\nThe screen files were then brought to World Bank headquarters in Washington, D.C. and uploaded to a mainframe computer, where they were converted to \"standard\" LSMS formats by merging datasets to produce separate datasets for each section with variable names corresponding to the questionnaires. In some cases this has meant a single dataset for a section, while in others it has meant retaining \"screen\" datasets with just the variable names changed.\n\nLinking Parts of the Household Survey\n\nEach household has a unique identification number which is contained in the variable HID. Values for this variable range from 10101 to 60520. The first number is the code for the six counties in which data were collected, the second and third digits are for the villages within each county. Finally, the last two digits of HID contain the household number within the village. Data for households from different parts of the survey can be merged by using the HID\nvariable which appears in each dataset of the household survey. To link information for an individual use should be made of both the household identification number, HID, and the person identification number, PID.\n\nA child in the household can be linked to the parents, if the parents are household members, through the parents' id codes in Section 01B. For parents who are not in the household, information is collected on the parent's schooling, main occupation and whether he\/she is currently alive. Household members can be linked with their non-resident children through the parents' id codes in Section 01C.\n\nLinking the Household to the Community Data\n\nThe community data have a somewhat different set of identifying variables than the household data. Each community dataset has four identifying variables: province (code 7 for Hebei and code 8 for Liaoning); county (six two digit codes, of which the first digit represents province and the second digit represents the three counties in each province); township (3 digit code, first digit is county, second digit is county and third digit is township); and village (4 digit code, first digit is county, second digit is county, third digit is township, and third fourth digit is village).\n\nConstructed Data Set\n\nResearchers at the World Bank and the University of Toronto have created a data set with information on annual household expenditures, region codes, etc. This constructed data set is made available for general use with the understanding that the description below is the only documentation that will be provided. Any manipulation of the data requires assumptions to be made and, as much as possible, those assumptions are explained below. Except where noted, the data set has been created using only the original (raw) data sets. A researcher could construct a somewhat different data set by incorporating different assumptions.\n\nAggregate Expenditure, TOTEXP\n\nThe dataset TOTEXP contains variables for total household annual expenditures (for the year 1994) and variables for the different components of total household expenditures: food expenditures, non-food expenditures, use value of consumer durables, etc. These, along with the algorithm used to calculate household expenditures are detailed in Appendix D. The dataset also contains the variable HID, which can be used to match this dataset to the household level data set. Note that all of the expenditure variables are totals for the household. That is, they are not in per capita terms. Researchers will have to divide these variables by household size to get per capita numbers. The household size variable is included in the data set."}},"data_access":{"dataset_use":{"contact":[{"name":"World Bank LSMS","affiliation":"","email":"lsma@worldbank.org","uri":""}],"cit_req":"Use of the dataset must be acknowledged by including a citation which would include:\n- Identification of the Primary Investigator\n- Title of the survey (including the country name and year of implementation)\n- Survey reference number\n- Source and date of download\n\nExample:\n\nResearch Centre for Rural Economy (China) and the World Bank.,China Living Standards Survey 1995 -1997. Ref. CHN_1995_LSS_v01_M. Dataset downloaded from the World Bank Microdata Library (www.microdata.worldbank.org\/lsms) on [date]","conditions":"In receiving these data it is recognized that the data are supplied for use within your organization, and you agree to the following stipulations as conditions for the use of the data:\n\n1.  The data are supplied solely for the use described in this form and will not be made available to other organizations or individuals.  Other organizations or individuals may request the data directly.\n\n2.  Three copies of all publications, conference papers, or other research reports based entirely or in part upon the requested data will be supplied to:\n\n The World Bank\n Development Economics Research Group\n LSMS Database Administrator\n MSN MC3-306\n 1818 H Street, NW\n Washington, DC  20433, USA\n tel: (202) 473-9041\n fax: (202) 522-1153\n e-mail: lsms@worldbank.org\n\n3.  The researcher will refer to the 1995 & 97 China - Heibei and Liaoning Living Standards Survey as the source of the information in all publications, conference papers, and manuscripts.  At the same time, the World Bank is not responsable for the estimations reported by the analyst(s).\n\n4.  Users who download the data may not pass the data to third parties.\n\n5.  The database cannot be used for commercial ends, nor can it be sold.","disclaimer":"The user of the data acknowledges that the original collector of the data, the authorized distributor of the data, and the relevant funding agency bear no responsibility for use of the data or for interpretations or inferences based upon such uses."}}},"schematype":"survey","tags":[{"tag":"DOI"}]}