DDI_KEN_2009_RKT_v01_M_WB Development Economics Data Group 2016-08-23 NADA Version 01 (August 2016) Does Africa Need a Rotten Kin Theorem? Experimental Evidence From Village Economies 2009 RKT 2009 KEN_2009_RKT_v01_M Pamela Jakiela Owen Ozier

Felipe Dizon

IPA-Kenya

NADA Weidenbaum Center Center for Research in Economics and Strategy (Washington University - St Louis) Owen Ozier Development Research Group Other Household Survey The survey data accompanies the paper, "Does Africa Need a Rotten Kin Theorem? Experimental Evidence From Village Economies," published in the Review of Economic Studies, (2016) 83 (1): 231-268. The paper measures the economic impacts of social pressures to share income with relatives and neighbors in rural African villages within a controlled laboratory environment. The researchers conduct a lab experiment in which they randomly vary the observability of positive income shocks resulting from risky investments. In some treatments, they allow participants to pay a price to avoid announcing anything about their income in the game. They vary the price offered to participants, and find that 28 percent of participants choose to pay to avoid the announcement, at a price that is on average 16 percent of their gross earnings in the game. Further, the researchers find that 10 percent of women forced to announce a portion of their income shock adopt an investment strategy that conceals the size of their initial endowment in the experiment, though that strategy reduces their expected earnings. Both findings are suggestive of the economic drag that social pressures may create on investment in SubSaharan Africa. Kenya Experiments were conducted in 26 rural, predominantly agricultural communities in western Kenya. Village Individuals Households Villages Rural, predominantly agricultural communities in western Kenya. Respondents ranged in age from 18 to 85. In terms of educational attainment,10 percent of subjects had no formal schooling, while 11.6 percent had finished secondary school Sample survey data [ssd] Before beginning subject recruitment, research assistants met with community leaders - head teachers and local headmen - in selected villages to introduce the project. Villages were selected to be at least five kilometers apart from one another, to prevent overlap in subject populations. One day prior to each experimental session, the survey team conducted a door-to-door recruitment campaign, visiting as many households within the village as possible. All households within each village were invited to send members to participate in the experimental economic game session the following day. Face-to-face [f2f] 80.1 percent of individuals surveyed prior to the sessions chose to participate. Use of the dataset must be acknowledged using a citation which would include: - the Identification of the Primary Investigator - the title of the survey (including country, acronym and year of implementation) - the survey reference number - the source and date of download Example: Jakiela, Pamela and Owen Ozier. 2009. Does Africa Need a Rotten Kin Theorem? Experimental Evidence from Village Economies Review of Economic Studies (2016) 83 (1): 231-268. Ref. KEN_2009_RKT_v01_M. Dataset downloaded from [url] on [date] jakiela_ozier_data 2516 120 Invested exactly 80 Kenyan shillings Invested exactly 80 Kenyan shillings Invested exactly 80 Kenyan shillings Invested exactly 80 Kenyan shillings Invested exactly 80 Kenyan shillings 2516 1 1 Invested 80 Kenyan shillings or less Invested 80 Kenyan shillings or less Invested 80 Kenyan shillings or less Invested 80 Kenyan shillings or less Invested 80 Kenyan shillings or less 2145 371 1 1 Sysmiss Age Age Age Age Age 2492 24 16 90 agecat==Age missing agecat==Age missing agecat==Age missing agecat==Age missing agecat==Age missing 2516 1 1 agecat==Age 20 and under agecat==Age 20 and under agecat==Age 20 and under agecat==Age 20 and under agecat==Age 20 and under 2516 1 1 agecat==Age 26-30 agecat==Age 26-30 agecat==Age 26-30 agecat==Age 26-30 agecat==Age 26-30 2516 1 1 agecat==Age 31-35 agecat==Age 31-35 agecat==Age 31-35 agecat==Age 31-35 agecat==Age 31-35 2516 1 1 agecat==Age 36-40 agecat==Age 36-40 agecat==Age 36-40 agecat==Age 36-40 agecat==Age 36-40 2516 1 1 agecat==Age 41-50 agecat==Age 41-50 agecat==Age 41-50 agecat==Age 41-50 agecat==Age 41-50 2516 1 1 agecat==Age 51-60 agecat==Age 51-60 agecat==Age 51-60 agecat==Age 51-60 agecat==Age 51-60 2516 1 1 agecat==Age 61 and over agecat==Age 61 and over agecat==Age 61 and over agecat==Age 61 and over agecat==Age 61 and over 2516 1 1 Any close relatives attended the experiment Any close relatives attended the experiment Any close relatives attended the experiment Any close relatives attended the experiment Any close relatives attended the experiment 2516 1 1 Experimental Variable: 1 if participant's close relatives attended the experiment; else 0 Any HH member employed Any HH member employed Any HH member employed Any HH member employed Any HH member employed How many members of your household are currently employed, working for pay? 2516 1 1 1 if any HH member is employed, else 0 Value of durable HH assets (in US dollars) Value of durable HH assets (in US dollars) Value of durable HH assets (in US dollars) Value of durable HH assets (in US dollars) Value of durable HH assets (in US dollars) How many of the following items does your household own? (99 = DK) 2516 22695.652 Sum of all household assets including farm animals (cattle, pig, goat etc), furniture (tables, chairs, bed etc), other HH assets (TV, radio etc). Attended game Attended game Attended game Attended game Attended game 2516 1 1 Experimental Variable: 1 if the participant attended the game; else 0 Average number of close kin in village Average number of close kin in village Average number of close kin in village Average number of close kin in village Average number of close kin in village 2516 9.917 10.418 Average assets owned per household in the village. Assets considered include farm animals (cattle, pig, goat etc), furniture (tables, chairs, bed etc), other HH assets (TV, radio etc) Average number of close kin in village Average number of close kin in village Average number of close kin in village Average number of close kin in village Average number of close kin in village Do any other relatives live in this village? If yes, list all brothers, sisters, in-laws, parents etc. 2516 1.486 3.163 Average number of close kin in village Average number of community groups in village Average number of community groups in village Average number of community groups in village Average number of community groups in village Average number of community groups in village 2516 1.969 3.82 Average number of community groups in village Average level of education in village Average level of education in village Average level of education in village Average level of education in village Average level of education in village How far did you go in school? 2516 5.41 8.165 Average level of education in village Proportion of HHs using fertilizer in village Proportion of HHs using fertilizer in village Proportion of HHs using fertilizer in village Proportion of HHs using fertilizer in village Proportion of HHs using fertilizer in village In the last 12 months, did you use any fertilizer? 2516 0.788 Proportion of HHs using fertilizer in village Average level of skilled/regular employment in village Average level of skilled/regular employment in village Average level of skilled/regular employment in village Average level of skilled/regular employment in village Average level of skilled/regular employment in village Are you currently employed, working for pay? (1=Yes, 2=No); If yes, In what occupation is this work? 2516 0.115 Average level of skilled/regular employed people in the village Average level of wages in village Average level of wages in village Average level of wages in village Average level of wages in village Average level of wages in village What was the amount of your cash salary in the last 30 days? 2516 0.505 8.041 Average level of wages in village Large budget Large budget Large budget Large budget Large budget 2145 371 1 1 Sysmiss Experimental variable: 1 if the initial endowment was large (180 shillings); 0 if the endowment was 80 shillings Heads X large budget Heads X large budget Heads X large budget Heads X large budget Heads X large budget 2141 375 1 1 Sysmiss Heads X large budget Price X large budget Price X large budget Price X large budget Price X large budget Price X large budget 690 1826 60 Price X large budget Endowment size Endowment size Endowment size Endowment size Endowment size 2145 371 80 180 Experimental Variable: The endowment allocated to the participant before the experiment (80 shillings or 180 shillings) Paid to avoid the public announcement Paid to avoid the public announcement Paid to avoid the public announcement Paid to avoid the public announcement Paid to avoid the public announcement 690 1826 1 1 Sysmiss Experimental Variable, Binary: 1 if the participant paid the randomized exit price to avoid public announcement of investment returns; else 0 Christian Christian Christian Christian Christian What church/religion do you belong to? 2516 1 1 1 if the participant is a christian, else 0 Close relatives in village (outside of HH) Close relatives in village (outside of HH) Close relatives in village (outside of HH) Close relatives in village (outside of HH) Close relatives in village (outside of HH) Do you have any aunts or uncles who live in this village, but not in your household? 2516 19 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 18 19 No. of close kin in village (trimmed) No. of close kin in village (trimmed) No. of close kin in village (trimmed) No. of close kin in village (trimmed) No. of close kin in village (trimmed) Do you have any aunts or uncles who live in this village, but not in your household? 2516 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 (trimmed at 11) Community groups Community groups Community groups Community groups Community groups Are you a member of any groups? Options included women's, youth, sports group, political party, water group, bible group and others 2516 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Completed primary school Completed primary school Completed primary school Completed primary school Completed primary school How far did you go in school? 2516 1 1 1 if the participant completed primary school, else 0 Completed secondary school Completed secondary school Completed secondary school Completed secondary school Completed secondary school How far did you go in school? 2516 1 1 1 if the participant completed secondary school, else 0 Distance to paved road Distance to paved road Distance to paved road Distance to paved road Distance to paved road 2516 0.019 19.361 Distance to the paved road at the village level Distant relatives in village Distant relatives in village Distant relatives in village Distant relatives in village Distant relatives in village How many cousins do you have living in this village? 2516 203 No. of distant kin in village (trimmed) No. of distant kin in village (trimmed) No. of distant kin in village (trimmed) No. of distant kin in village (trimmed) No. of distant kin in village (trimmed) 2516 75 Number of distance kin in village (trimmed at 14) edcat==No formal schooling edcat==No formal schooling edcat==No formal schooling edcat==No formal schooling edcat==No formal schooling How far did you go in school? 2516 1 1 1 if the participant has no formal schooling, else 0 edcat==Incomplete primary (up to grade 1-4) edcat==Incomplete primary (up to grade 1-4) edcat==Incomplete primary (up to grade 1-4) edcat==Incomplete primary (up to grade 1-4) edcat==Incomplete primary (up to grade 1-4) How far did you go in school? 2516 1 1 1 if the participant hasn't completed primary school (grade 1-4), else 0 edcat==Completed primary (only) edcat==Completed primary (only) edcat==Completed primary (only) edcat==Completed primary (only) edcat==Completed primary (only) How far did you go in school? 2516 1 1 1 if the participant has only completed primary school and left, else 0 edcat==Incomplete secondary edcat==Incomplete secondary edcat==Incomplete secondary edcat==Incomplete secondary edcat==Incomplete secondary How far did you go in school? 2516 1 1 1 if the participant started secondary school but didn't finish it, else 0 edcat==Completed secondary edcat==Completed secondary edcat==Completed secondary edcat==Completed secondary edcat==Completed secondary How far did you go in school? 2516 1 1 1 if the participant completed secondary school, else 0 Has regular employment Has regular employment Has regular employment Has regular employment Has regular employment Are you currently employed, working for pay? 2516 1 1 Ever married Ever married Ever married Ever married Ever married Are you married? 2516 1 1 1 if the participant is a widow/widower, separated or currently married, else 0 Price of exit Price of exit Price of exit Price of exit Price of exit 690 1826 10 60 Experimental Variable : The randomized money subject (in the price treatment group) is required to pay to avoid public announcement of investment returns HH farms HH farms HH farms HH farms HH farms Does your household perform any other agricultural or pastoralist activities for yourselves? 2516 1 1 Female Female Female Female Female Gender 2516 1 1 HH uses fertilizer on crops HH uses fertilizer on crops HH uses fertilizer on crops HH uses fertilizer on crops HH uses fertilizer on crops In the last 12 months, did you use any fertilizer? 2477 39 1 1 Sysmiss Female X age Female X age Female X age Female X age Female X age 2492 24 81 Female X close kin attended game Female X close kin attended game Female X close kin attended game Female X close kin attended game Female X close kin attended game 2516 1 1 Female X any HH member employed Female X any HH member employed Female X any HH member employed Female X any HH member employed Female X any HH member employed 2516 1 1 Female X large budget Female X large budget Female X large budget Female X large budget Female X large budget 2145 371 1 1 Sysmiss Female X heads X large budget Female X heads X large budget Female X heads X large budget Female X heads X large budget Female X heads X large budget 2141 375 1 1 Sysmiss Female X price X large budget Female X price X large budget Female X price X large budget Female X price X large budget Female X price X large budget 690 1826 60 Female X no. of close kin in village (trimmed) Female X no. of close kin in village (trimmed) Female X no. of close kin in village (trimmed) Female X no. of close kin in village (trimmed) Female X no. of close kin in village (trimmed) 2516 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Female X community groups Female X community groups Female X community groups Female X community groups Female X community groups 2516 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Female X completed primary school Female X completed primary school Female X completed primary school Female X completed primary school Female X completed primary school 2516 1 1 Female X completed secondary school Female X completed secondary school Female X completed secondary school Female X completed secondary school Female X completed secondary school 2516 1 1 Female X distance to road Female X distance to road Female X distance to road Female X distance to road Female X distance to road 2516 19.361 Female X no. of distant kin in village (trimmed) Female X no. of distant kin in village (trimmed) Female X no. of distant kin in village (trimmed) Female X no. of distant kin in village (trimmed) Female X no. of distant kin in village (trimmed) 2516 75 Female X price of exit Female X price of exit Female X price of exit Female X price of exit Female X price of exit 690 1826 60 Female X heads Female X heads Female X heads Female X heads Female X heads 2141 375 1 1 Sysmiss Female X HH gave gift or loan in last 3 mos. Female X HH gave gift or loan in last 3 mos. Female X HH gave gift or loan in last 3 mos. Female X HH gave gift or loan in last 3 mos. Female X HH gave gift or loan in last 3 mos. 2516 1 1 Female X HH gave gift or loan in last 3 mos. Female X HH gave gift or loan in last 3 mos. Female X HH gave gift or loan in last 3 mos. Female X HH gave gift or loan in last 3 mos. Female X HH gave gift or loan in last 3 mos. 2516 1 1 Female X household size (trimmed) Female X household size (trimmed) Female X household size (trimmed) Female X household size (trimmed) Female X household size (trimmed) 2516 14 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Female X natural log of HH assets Female X natural log of HH assets Female X natural log of HH assets Female X natural log of HH assets Female X natural log of HH assets 2515 1 13.188 Female X married Female X married Female X married Female X married Female X married 2516 1 1 Female X ethnic minority Female X ethnic minority Female X ethnic minority Female X ethnic minority Female X ethnic minority 2515 1 1 1 Sysmiss Female X public treatments Female X public treatments Female X public treatments Female X public treatments Female X public treatments 2145 371 1 1 Sysmiss Female X has bank account Female X has bank account Female X has bank account Female X has bank account Female X has bank account 2512 4 1 1 Sysmiss Female X participates in ROSCA Female X participates in ROSCA Female X participates in ROSCA Female X participates in ROSCA Female X participates in ROSCA 2512 4 1 1 Sysmiss Female X self-employed Female X self-employed Female X self-employed Female X self-employed Female X self-employed 2516 1 1 Gross payout Gross payout Gross payout Gross payout Gross payout 2145 371 900 Experimental Variable : Type of treatment Experimental Variable : Type of treatment Experimental Variable : Type of treatment Experimental Variable : Type of treatment Experimental Variable : Type of treatment 2145 371 1 6 1 Private small endowment treatment 2 Public small endowment treatment 3 Price small endowment treatment 4 Private large endowment treatment 5 Public large endowment treatment 6 Price large endowment treatment Sysmiss Private small endowment treatment Private small endowment treatment Private small endowment treatment Private small endowment treatment Private small endowment treatment 2145 371 1 1 Sysmiss Public small endowment treatment Public small endowment treatment Public small endowment treatment Public small endowment treatment Public small endowment treatment 2145 371 1 1 Sysmiss Price small endowment treatment Price small endowment treatment Price small endowment treatment Price small endowment treatment Price small endowment treatment 2145 371 1 1 Sysmiss Private large endowment treatment Private large endowment treatment Private large endowment treatment Private large endowment treatment Private large endowment treatment 2145 371 1 1 Sysmiss Public large endowment treatment Public large endowment treatment Public large endowment treatment Public large endowment treatment Public large endowment treatment 2145 371 1 1 Sysmiss Price large endowment treatment Price large endowment treatment Price large endowment treatment Price large endowment treatment Price large endowment treatment 2145 371 1 1 Sysmiss Coin flip lands heads Coin flip lands heads Coin flip lands heads Coin flip lands heads Coin flip lands heads 2141 375 1 1 Sysmiss HH member attended experiment HH member attended experiment HH member attended experiment HH member attended experiment HH member attended experiment 1801 715 1 1 Sysmiss No. bicycles owned by HH No. bicycles owned by HH No. bicycles owned by HH No. bicycles owned by HH No. bicycles owned by HH How many of the following items does your household own? Bicycle 2516 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 No. cattle owned by HH No. cattle owned by HH No. cattle owned by HH No. cattle owned by HH No. cattle owned by HH How many of the following items does your household own? Cattle 2515 1 36 No. chicken owned by HH No. chicken owned by HH No. chicken owned by HH No. chicken owned by HH No. chicken owned by HH How many of the following items does your household own? Chicken 2516 40 No. phones owned by HH No. phones owned by HH No. phones owned by HH No. phones owned by HH No. phones owned by HH How many of the following items does your household own? Phone 2516 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 HH received transfer in last 3 months HH received transfer in last 3 months HH received transfer in last 3 months HH received transfer in last 3 months HH received transfer in last 3 months Did anyone in this household receive a gift/assistance of money or goods from someone outside the household in the last three months? 2516 1 1 HH gave transfer in last 3 months HH gave transfer in last 3 months HH gave transfer in last 3 months HH gave transfer in last 3 months HH gave transfer in last 3 months In the last three months, how many times have you contributed to a harambee, paid for a child outside your own household, contributed to burial of someone outside the household or for wedding of someone outside the household or contributed to hospital expenses of someone outside the household? 2516 1 1 1 if the HH transferred money to others, else 0 HH size HH size HH size HH size HH size Now I would like to know all of the people who normally live and eat their meals together in your home, “from the same pot.” 2516 1 26 Household (HH) size (trimmed) Household (HH) size (trimmed) Household (HH) size (trimmed) Household (HH) size (trimmed) Household (HH) size (trimmed) Now I would like to know all of the people who normally live and eat their meals together in your home, “from the same pot.” 2516 1 14 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Total number of members in the household (trimmed at 14) No. televisions owned by HH No. televisions owned by HH No. televisions owned by HH No. televisions owned by HH No. televisions owned by HH Now I’d like to ask you about some of the things your household owns. How many of the following items does your household own? - Television 2516 3 1 2 3 Income hiding (investing exactly 80) Income hiding (investing exactly 80) Income hiding (investing exactly 80) Income hiding (investing exactly 80) Income hiding (investing exactly 80) 2516 -0.5 0.4 Experimental Variable: Income hiding (investing exactly 80) Income hiding (investing no more than 80 shillings) Income hiding (investing no more than 80 shillings) Income hiding (investing no more than 80 shillings) Income hiding (investing no more than 80 shillings) Income hiding (investing no more than 80 shillings) 2516 -0.857 0.6 Experimental Variable: Income hiding (investing no more than 80) Survey conducted in respondent's home Survey conducted in respondent's home Survey conducted in respondent's home Survey conducted in respondent's home Survey conducted in respondent's home 2516 1 1 Fraction of budget invested in business cup Fraction of budget invested in business cup Fraction of budget invested in business cup Fraction of budget invested in business cup Fraction of budget invested in business cup 2145 371 1 Experimental Variable: Fraction of budget invested in business cup Amount invested in business cup Amount invested in business cup Amount invested in business cup Amount invested in business cup Amount invested in business cup 2145 371 180 Experimental Variable: Amount invested in business cup Natural log of HH assets Natural log of HH assets Natural log of HH assets Natural log of HH assets Natural log of HH assets 2515 1 6.908 14.359 Natural Log of total household assets including farm animals (cattle, pig, goat etc), furniture (tables, chairs, bed etc), other HH assets (TV, radio etc) Natural Log of total household assets including farm animals (cattle, pig, goat etc), furniture (tables, chairs, bed etc), other HH assets (TV, radio etc) Belongs to Luhya ethnic group Belongs to Luhya ethnic group Belongs to Luhya ethnic group Belongs to Luhya ethnic group Belongs to Luhya ethnic group What is your tribe (or mother tongue)? 2515 1 1 1 Sysmiss 1 if the participant belongs to Luhya group, else 0 Above median number of distant relatives in village Above median number of distant relatives in village Above median number of distant relatives in village Above median number of distant relatives in village Above median number of distant relatives in village Now I’d like to ask you about your relatives who live in this village or are less than a 20 minute walk from your household but are not part of your household. Do any other relatives live in this village? 2516 1 1 1 if the participant has above median number of distant relatives, else 0 Currently married Currently married Currently married Currently married Currently married Are you married? (1=Yes; 0=No) 2516 1 1 Local minority ethnic group Local minority ethnic group Local minority ethnic group Local minority ethnic group Local minority ethnic group What is your tribe (or mother tongue)? Female respondents should NOT give the tribe of their husband, but rather the tribe that they were born into 2515 1 1 1 Sysmiss 1 if the participant belongs to a minority group, else 0 Close kin in village, but not at game Close kin in village, but not at game Close kin in village, but not at game Close kin in village, but not at game Close kin in village, but not at game 2516 1 1 Experimental Variable: 1 if participant has a close kin in village, but not attending the game; else 0 Participated in experiments Participated in experiments Participated in experiments Participated in experiments Participated in experiments 2516 1 1 Experimental Variable: Participated in experiments Public treatments Public treatments Public treatments Public treatments Public treatments 2145 371 1 1 Sysmiss Experimental Variable: 1 if the participant was required to announce initial endowmend, results of coin toss and investment income; else 0 Close kin at game X public Close kin at game X public Close kin at game X public Close kin at game X public Close kin at game X public 2145 371 1 1 Sysmiss Experimental Variable: Close kin at game X public Above median distant relatives X public Above median distant relatives X public Above median distant relatives X public Above median distant relatives X public Above median distant relatives X public 2145 371 1 1 Sysmiss Experimental Variable: Above median distant relatives X public No close kin at game X public No close kin at game X public No close kin at game X public No close kin at game X public No close kin at game X public 2145 371 1 1 Sysmiss Experimental Variable: No close kin at game X public No spouse at game X public No spouse at game X public No spouse at game X public No spouse at game X public No spouse at game X public 2145 371 1 1 Sysmiss Experimental Variable: No spouse at game X public Close kin in village (not at game) X public Close kin in village (not at game) X public Close kin in village (not at game) X public Close kin in village (not at game) X public Close kin in village (not at game) X public 2145 371 1 1 Sysmiss Experimental Variable: Close kin in village (not at game) X public Spouse at game X public Spouse at game X public Spouse at game X public Spouse at game X public Spouse at game X public 2145 371 1 1 Sysmiss Experimental Variable: Spouse at game X public Has bank account Has bank account Has bank account Has bank account Has bank account Do you have a savings account in a bank? (1=Yes, 2=No) 2512 4 1 1 Sysmiss Member of ROSCA Member of ROSCA Member of ROSCA Member of ROSCA Member of ROSCA Do you participate in a merry-go-round or ROSCA? (1=Yes, 2=No) 2512 4 1 1 Sysmiss Village ID number Village ID number Village ID number Village ID number Village ID number 2516 1 26 Self-employed Self-employed Self-employed Self-employed Self-employed Other than in farming, are you currently self-employed or running a business to earn a living? (1=Yes, 2=No) 2516 1 1 Spouse attended the experiment Spouse attended the experiment Spouse attended the experiment Spouse attended the experiment Spouse attended the experiment 2516 1 1 Experimental Variable: If the participant's spouse attended the experiment Transfers from HHs in villages (in US dollars) Transfers from HHs in villages (in US dollars) Transfers from HHs in villages (in US dollars) Transfers from HHs in villages (in US dollars) Transfers from HHs in villages (in US dollars) I would like to ask you about all the gifts and loans you received from friends and relatives in the last three months, starting with the most recent. Please probe well - we want ALL transfers and loans, not just gifts of money. What was the total value of the gift or loan? If (all or part) goods, how much would it cost to buy them. Does the sender live in this village? (1 = Yes, 2 = No) 2516 527.8 Transfers to HHs in villages (in US dollars) Transfers to HHs in villages (in US dollars) Transfers to HHs in villages (in US dollars) Transfers to HHs in villages (in US dollars) Transfers to HHs in villages (in US dollars) In the last three months, what is the total amount you contributed to a harambee, paid for a child outside your own household, contributed to burial of someone outside the household or for wedding of someone outside the household or contributed to hospital expenses of someone outside the household 2516 577.075 Total payout (US dollar equivalent) Total payout (US dollar equivalent) Total payout (US dollar equivalent) Total payout (US dollar equivalent) Total payout (US dollar equivalent) 2141 375 11.858 Experimental Variable: Total amount (in USD) won by the participant Village tag Village tag Village tag Village tag Village tag 2516 1 1 1 for an arbitrary observation within each village gender combination Monthly wages if employed (in US dollars) Monthly wages if employed (in US dollars) Monthly wages if employed (in US dollars) Monthly wages if employed (in US dollars) Monthly wages if employed (in US dollars) What was the amount of your cash salary in the last 30 days? 201 2315 1.318 500.659 Years of schooling Years of schooling Years of schooling Years of schooling Years of schooling How far did you go in school? 2516 18 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 18