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<codeBook version="1.2.2" ID="LAO_2021_FIES_v01_M_v01_A_OCS" xml-lang="en" xmlns="http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/DDI" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/DDI http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/DDI/Version1-2-2.xsd">
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  <citation>
    <titlStmt>
      <IDNo>DDI_LAO_2021_FIES_v01_M_v01_A_OCS</IDNo>
    </titlStmt>
    <prodStmt>
      <producer abbr="OCS" affiliation="Food and Agriculture Organization" role="Metadata producer">Office of Chief Statistician</producer>
      <producer abbr="DECDG" affiliation="The World Bank" role="Metadata adapted for World Bank Microdata Library">Development Economics Data Group</producer>
      <prodDate date="2023-01-17">2023-01-17</prodDate>
      <software version="v5">NADA</software>
    </prodStmt>
    <verStmt>
      <version>Version 01 (January 2023): This metadata was downloaded from the FAO website (https://microdata.fao.org/index.php/catalog) and it is identical to FAO version (LAO_2021_FIES_v01_EN_M_v01_A_OCS). The following two metadata fields were edited - Document ID and Survey ID.</version>
    </verStmt>
  </citation>
</docDscr>
<stdyDscr>
  <citation>
    <titlStmt>
      <titl>Food Insecurity Experience Scale 2021</titl>
      <subTitl/>
      <altTitl>FIES 2021</altTitl>
      <parTitl/>
      <IDNo>LAO_2021_FIES_v01_M_v01_A_OCS</IDNo>
    </titlStmt>
    <rspStmt>
      <AuthEnty affiliation="FAO">FAO Statistics Division</AuthEnty>
    </rspStmt>
    <prodStmt>
      <copyright/>
      <software version="5.0" date="2023-01-21">NADA</software>
      <grantNo/>
    </prodStmt>
    <distStmt>
      <contact affiliation="FAO" URI="http://www.fao.org/in-action/voices-of-the-hungry/fies/en/" email="Carlo.Cafiero@fao.org">FAO Statistics Division</contact>
      <depDate date=""/>
      <distDate date=""/>
    </distStmt>
    <serStmt>
      <serName>Socio-Economic/Monitoring Survey [hh/sems]</serName>
      <serInfo><![CDATA[]]></serInfo>
    </serStmt>
    <verStmt>
      <version date=""/>
      <verResp/>
      <notes><![CDATA[]]></notes>
    </verStmt>
    <biblCit format=""><![CDATA[]]></biblCit>
    <notes><![CDATA[]]></notes>
  </citation>
  <stdyInfo>
    <studyBudget><![CDATA[]]></studyBudget>
    <subject>
      <keyword vocab="" vocabURI="">Food Insecurity</keyword>
      <keyword vocab="" vocabURI="">SDG</keyword>
      <topcClas vocab="" vocabURI="">SDGs</topcClas>
      <topcClas vocab="" vocabURI="">Food Access</topcClas>
    </subject>
    <abstract><![CDATA[Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target 2.1 commits countries to end hunger, ensure access by all people to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year around. Indicator 2.1.2, “Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity based on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES)”, provides internationally-comparable estimates of the proportion of the population facing difficulties in accessing food. More detailed background information is available at http://www.fao.org/in-action/voices-of-the-hungry/fies/en/.

The FIES-based indicators are compiled using the FIES survey module, containing 8 questions. Two indicators can be computed:  
1. The proportion of the population experiencing moderate or severe food insecurity (SDG indicator 2.1.2).
2. The proportion of the population experiencing severe food insecurity. 

These data were collected by FAO through GeoPoll. National institutions can also collect FIES data by including the FIES survey module in nationally representative surveys.

Microdata can be used to calculate the indicator 2.1.2 at national level. Instructions for computing this indicator are described in the methodological document available in the documentations tab. Disaggregating results at sub-national level is not encouraged because estimates will suffer from substantial sampling and measurement error.]]></abstract>
    <sumDscr>
      <collDate date="2021-11-15" event="start" cycle=""/>
      <collDate date="2021-12-15" event="end" cycle=""/>
      <nation abbr="LAO">Lao PDR</nation>
      <geogCover>National coverage</geogCover>
      <geogUnit/>
      <anlyUnit><![CDATA[Individuals]]></anlyUnit>
      <universe><![CDATA[Individuals of 15 years or older.]]></universe>
      <dataKind>Sample survey data [ssd]</dataKind>
    </sumDscr>
    <qualityStatement>
      <standardsCompliance>
        <standard>
          <standardName/>
          <producer/>
        </standard>
        <complianceDescription/>
      </standardsCompliance>
      <otherQualityStatement/>
    </qualityStatement>
    <notes><![CDATA[The FIES survey module includes the following questions to compute the FIES-based indicators:

During the last 12 months, was there a time when, because of lack of money or other resources;
1. You were worried you would not have enough food to eat?
2. You were unable to eat healthy and nutritious food?
3. You ate only a few kinds of foods?
4. You had to skip a meal?
5. You ate less than you thought you should?
6. Your household ran out of food?
7. You were hungry but did not eat?
8. You went without eating for a whole day?

In addition to the FIES questions, socio-demographic information on the respondent/household including gender, age, urban or rural area, region, education, composition of the household was collected.]]></notes>
    <exPostEvaluation completionDate="" type="">
      <evaluationProcess/>
      <outcomes/>
    </exPostEvaluation>
  </stdyInfo>
  <method>
    <dataColl>
      <timeMeth>Last 12 months.</timeMeth>
      <frequenc/>
      <sampProc><![CDATA[A sampling quota of at least 200 observations per each Administrative 1 areas is set
Exclusions: NA
Design effect: NA]]></sampProc>
      <sampleFrame>
        <sampleFrameName/>
        <custodian/>
        <universe/>
        <frameUnit isPrimary="">
          <unitType numberOfUnits=""/>
        </frameUnit>
        <updateProcedure/>
      </sampleFrame>
      <deviat/>
      <collMode>Computer Assisted Telephone Interview [cati]</collMode>
      <resInstru><![CDATA[]]></resInstru>
      <instrumentDevelopment type=""/>
      <collSitu><![CDATA[]]></collSitu>
      <actMin><![CDATA[]]></actMin>
      <ConOps><![CDATA[]]></ConOps>
      <weight><![CDATA[Post-stratification weights are provided. Population statistics are used to weight the data by gender, age, and, where reliable data are available, education or socioeconomic status.]]></weight>
      <cleanOps><![CDATA[Statistical validation assesses the quality of the FIES data collected by testing their consistency with the assumptions of the Rasch model. This analysis involves the interpretation of several statistics that reveal 1) items that do not perform well in a given context, 2) cases with highly erratic response patterns, 3) pairs of items that may be redundant, and 4) the proportion of total variance in the population that is accounted for by the measurement model.]]></cleanOps>
    </dataColl>
    <notes><![CDATA[]]></notes>
    <anlyInfo>
      <respRate><![CDATA[]]></respRate>
      <EstSmpErr><![CDATA[The margin of error is estimated as NA. This is calculated around a proportion at the 95% confidence level. The maximum margin of error was calculated assuming a reported percentage of 50% and takes into account the design effect.]]></EstSmpErr>
      <dataAppr><![CDATA[Since the population with access to mobile telephones is likely to differ from the rest of the population with respect to their access to food, post-hoc adjustments were made to control for the potential resulting bias. Post-stratification weights were built to adjust the sample distribution by gender and education of the respondent at admin-1 level, to match the same distribution in the total population. However, an additional step was needed to try to ascertain the food insecurity condition of those with access to phones compared to that of the total population. 

Using FIES data collected by FAO through the GWP between 2014 and 2019, and a variable on access to mobile telephones that was also in the dataset, it was possible to compare the prevalence of food insecurity at moderate or severe level, and severe level only, of respondents with access to a mobile phone to that of the total population at national level.]]></dataAppr>
    </anlyInfo>
    <stdyClas><![CDATA[]]></stdyClas>
    <dataProcessing type=""/>
    <codingInstructions relatedProcesses="" type="">
      <txt/>
      <command formalLanguage=""/>
    </codingInstructions>
  </method>
  <dataAccs>
    <setAvail>
      <accsPlac URI=""/>
      <origArch/>
      <avlStatus/>
      <collSize/>
      <complete/>
      <fileQnty/>
      <notes><![CDATA[]]></notes>
    </setAvail>
    <useStmt>
      <confDec required="yes" formNo="" URI="">The users shall not take any action with the purpose of identifying any individual entity (i.e. person, household, enterprise, etc.) in the micro dataset(s). If such a disclosure is made inadvertently, no use will be made of the information, and it will be reported immediately to FAO.</confDec>
      <restrctn/>
      <citReq><![CDATA[]]></citReq>
      <deposReq><![CDATA[]]></deposReq>
      <conditions><![CDATA[Micro datasets disseminated by FAO shall only be allowed for research and statistical purposes. Any user which requests access working for a commercial company will not be granted access to any micro dataset regardless of their specified purpose. Users requesting access to any datasets must agree to the following minimal conditions:
- The micro dataset will only be used for statistical and/or research purposes; 
- Any results derived from the micro dataset will be used solely for reporting aggregated information, and not for any specific individual entities or data subjects; 
- The users shall not take any action with the purpose of identifying any individual entity (i.e. person, household, enterprise, etc.) in the micro dataset(s). If such a disclosure is made inadvertently, no use will be made of the information, and it will be reported immediately to FAO;
- The micro dataset cannot be re-disseminated by users or shared with anyone other than the individuals that are granted access to the micro dataset by FAO.]]></conditions>
      <disclaimer><![CDATA[The user of the data acknowledges that the original collector of the data, the authorized distributor of the data, and the relevant funding agency bear no responsibility for use of the data or for interpretations or inferences based upon such uses.]]></disclaimer>
    </useStmt>
    <notes><![CDATA[]]></notes>
  </dataAccs>
  <notes><![CDATA[]]></notes>
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<fileDscr ID="F1">
  <fileTxt>
    <fileName>LAO_2021_FIES_v01_EN_M_v01_A_OCS</fileName>
    <fileCont>This dataset contains the variables used to calculate the FIES-based indicator, deomographic variables and some derived variables calculated by FAO from the survey.</fileCont>
    <dimensns>
      <caseQnty>0</caseQnty>
      <varQnty>22</varQnty>
    </dimensns>
    <dataChck></dataChck>
    <dataMsng></dataMsng>
    <verStmt>
      <version></version>
    </verStmt>
  </fileTxt>
  <notes></notes>
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<dataDscr>
<var ID="V1" name="Random_ID" files="F1" intrvl="contin">
  <varFormat type="numeric"/>
  <location width="10" RecSegNo="1"/>
  <labl>Unique respondent identifier</labl>
  <sumStat type="vald"/>
  <sumStat type="invd"/>
</var>
<var ID="V2" name="WORRIED" files="F1" intrvl="discrete">
  <varFormat type="character"/>
  <location width="12" RecSegNo="1"/>
  <labl>Worried you would not have enough food to eat because of a lack of money or other resources</labl>
  <sumStat type="vald"/>
  <sumStat type="invd"/>
  <catgry>
    <labl>No</labl>
    <catStat type="vald"/>
  </catgry>
  <catgry>
    <catValu>1</catValu>
    <labl>Yes</labl>
    <catStat type="invd"/>
  </catgry>
</var>
<var ID="V3" name="HEALTHY" files="F1" intrvl="discrete">
  <varFormat type="character"/>
  <location width="12" RecSegNo="1"/>
  <labl>Unable to eat healthy and nutritious food because of a lack of money or other resources</labl>
  <sumStat type="vald"/>
  <sumStat type="invd"/>
  <catgry>
    <labl>No</labl>
    <catStat type="vald"/>
  </catgry>
  <catgry>
    <catValu>1</catValu>
    <labl>Yes</labl>
    <catStat type="invd"/>
  </catgry>
</var>
<var ID="V4" name="FEWFOOD" files="F1" intrvl="discrete">
  <varFormat type="character"/>
  <location width="12" RecSegNo="1"/>
  <labl>Ate only a few kinds of foods because of a lack of money or other resources</labl>
  <sumStat type="vald"/>
  <sumStat type="invd"/>
  <catgry>
    <labl>No</labl>
    <catStat type="vald"/>
  </catgry>
  <catgry>
    <catValu>1</catValu>
    <labl>Yes</labl>
    <catStat type="invd"/>
  </catgry>
</var>
<var ID="V5" name="SKIPPED" files="F1" intrvl="discrete">
  <varFormat type="character"/>
  <location width="12" RecSegNo="1"/>
  <labl>Skipped a meal because there was not enough money or other resources to get food</labl>
  <sumStat type="vald"/>
  <sumStat type="invd"/>
  <catgry>
    <labl>No</labl>
    <catStat type="vald"/>
  </catgry>
  <catgry>
    <catValu>1</catValu>
    <labl>Yes</labl>
    <catStat type="invd"/>
  </catgry>
</var>
<var ID="V6" name="ATELESS" files="F1" intrvl="discrete">
  <varFormat type="character"/>
  <location width="12" RecSegNo="1"/>
  <labl>Ate less than you thought you should because of a lack of money or other resources</labl>
  <sumStat type="vald"/>
  <sumStat type="invd"/>
  <catgry>
    <labl>No</labl>
    <catStat type="vald"/>
  </catgry>
  <catgry>
    <catValu>1</catValu>
    <labl>Yes</labl>
    <catStat type="invd"/>
  </catgry>
</var>
<var ID="V7" name="RUNOUT" files="F1" intrvl="discrete">
  <varFormat type="character"/>
  <location width="12" RecSegNo="1"/>
  <labl>Household ran out of food because of a lack of money or other resources</labl>
  <sumStat type="vald"/>
  <sumStat type="invd"/>
  <catgry>
    <labl>No</labl>
    <catStat type="vald"/>
  </catgry>
  <catgry>
    <catValu>1</catValu>
    <labl>Yes</labl>
    <catStat type="invd"/>
  </catgry>
</var>
<var ID="V8" name="HUNGRY" files="F1" intrvl="discrete">
  <varFormat type="character"/>
  <location width="12" RecSegNo="1"/>
  <labl>Hungry but did not eat because there was not enough money or other resources for food?</labl>
  <sumStat type="vald"/>
  <sumStat type="invd"/>
  <catgry>
    <labl>No</labl>
    <catStat type="vald"/>
  </catgry>
  <catgry>
    <catValu>1</catValu>
    <labl>Yes</labl>
    <catStat type="invd"/>
  </catgry>
</var>
<var ID="V9" name="WHLDAY" files="F1" intrvl="discrete">
  <varFormat type="character"/>
  <location width="12" RecSegNo="1"/>
  <labl>Went without eating for a whole day because of a lack of money or other resources?</labl>
  <sumStat type="vald"/>
  <sumStat type="invd"/>
  <catgry>
    <labl>No</labl>
    <catStat type="vald"/>
  </catgry>
  <catgry>
    <catValu>1</catValu>
    <labl>Yes</labl>
    <catStat type="invd"/>
  </catgry>
</var>
<var ID="V10" name="wt" files="F1" intrvl="contin">
  <varFormat type="numeric"/>
  <location width="10" RecSegNo="1"/>
  <labl>Post-stratification sampling weights</labl>
  <sumStat type="vald"/>
  <sumStat type="invd"/>
</var>
<var ID="V11" name="year" files="F1" intrvl="discrete">
  <varFormat type="numeric"/>
  <location width="12" RecSegNo="1"/>
  <labl>Year when the study was administered in the country</labl>
  <sumStat type="vald"/>
  <sumStat type="invd"/>
  <catgry>
    <catValu>1</catValu>
    <labl>2021</labl>
    <catStat type="vald"/>
  </catgry>
</var>
<var ID="V12" name="N_adults" files="F1" intrvl="discrete">
  <varFormat type="character"/>
  <location width="12" RecSegNo="1"/>
  <labl>Number of adults 15 years of age and above in household</labl>
  <sumStat type="vald"/>
  <sumStat type="invd"/>
  <catgry>
    <catValu>00</catValu>
    <labl>00</labl>
    <catStat type="vald"/>
  </catgry>
  <catgry>
    <catValu>01</catValu>
    <labl>01</labl>
    <catStat type="invd"/>
  </catgry>
  <catgry>
    <catValu>02</catValu>
    <labl>02</labl>
  </catgry>
  <catgry>
    <catValu>03</catValu>
    <labl>03</labl>
  </catgry>
  <catgry>
    <catValu>04</catValu>
    <labl>04</labl>
  </catgry>
  <catgry>
    <catValu>05</catValu>
    <labl>05</labl>
  </catgry>
  <catgry>
    <catValu>06</catValu>
    <labl>06</labl>
  </catgry>
  <catgry>
    <catValu>07</catValu>
    <labl>07</labl>
  </catgry>
  <catgry>
    <catValu>08</catValu>
    <labl>08</labl>
  </catgry>
  <catgry>
    <catValu>09</catValu>
    <labl>09</labl>
  </catgry>
  <catgry>
    <catValu>10</catValu>
    <labl>10+</labl>
  </catgry>
</var>
<var ID="V13" name="N_child" files="F1" intrvl="discrete">
  <varFormat type="character"/>
  <location width="12" RecSegNo="1"/>
  <labl>Number of children under 15 years of age in household</labl>
  <sumStat type="vald"/>
  <sumStat type="invd"/>
  <catgry>
    <catValu>00</catValu>
    <labl>00</labl>
    <catStat type="vald"/>
  </catgry>
  <catgry>
    <catValu>01</catValu>
    <labl>01</labl>
    <catStat type="invd"/>
  </catgry>
  <catgry>
    <catValu>02</catValu>
    <labl>02</labl>
  </catgry>
  <catgry>
    <catValu>03</catValu>
    <labl>03</labl>
  </catgry>
  <catgry>
    <catValu>04</catValu>
    <labl>04</labl>
  </catgry>
  <catgry>
    <catValu>05</catValu>
    <labl>05</labl>
  </catgry>
  <catgry>
    <catValu>06</catValu>
    <labl>06</labl>
  </catgry>
  <catgry>
    <catValu>07</catValu>
    <labl>07</labl>
  </catgry>
  <catgry>
    <catValu>08</catValu>
    <labl>08</labl>
  </catgry>
  <catgry>
    <catValu>09</catValu>
    <labl>09</labl>
  </catgry>
  <catgry>
    <catValu>10</catValu>
    <labl>10+</labl>
  </catgry>
</var>
<var ID="V14" name="Raw_score" files="F1" intrvl="contin">
  <varFormat type="numeric"/>
  <location width="10" RecSegNo="1"/>
  <labl>Sum of Affirmative responses to FIES questions</labl>
  <sumStat type="vald"/>
  <sumStat type="invd"/>
</var>
<var ID="V15" name="Raw_score_par" files="F1" intrvl="contin">
  <varFormat type="numeric"/>
  <location width="10" RecSegNo="1"/>
  <labl>Estimated person parameters using the Rasch model</labl>
  <sumStat type="vald"/>
  <sumStat type="invd"/>
</var>
<var ID="V16" name="Raw_score_par_error" files="F1" intrvl="contin">
  <varFormat type="numeric"/>
  <location width="10" RecSegNo="1"/>
  <labl>Estimated person parameter errors using the Rasch model</labl>
  <sumStat type="vald"/>
  <sumStat type="invd"/>
</var>
<var ID="V17" name="Prob_Mod_Sev" files="F1" intrvl="contin">
  <varFormat type="numeric"/>
  <location width="10" RecSegNo="1"/>
  <labl>Probability of being moderately or severely food insecure</labl>
  <sumStat type="vald"/>
  <sumStat type="invd"/>
</var>
<var ID="V18" name="Prob_sev" files="F1" intrvl="contin">
  <varFormat type="numeric"/>
  <location width="10" RecSegNo="1"/>
  <labl>Probability of being severely food insecure</labl>
  <sumStat type="vald"/>
  <sumStat type="invd"/>
</var>
<var ID="V19" name="Age" files="F1" intrvl="contin">
  <varFormat type="numeric"/>
  <location width="10" RecSegNo="1"/>
  <labl>Age of the respondent</labl>
  <sumStat type="vald"/>
  <sumStat type="invd"/>
</var>
<var ID="V20" name="Education" files="F1" intrvl="discrete">
  <varFormat type="numeric"/>
  <location width="12" RecSegNo="1"/>
  <labl>Education of the respondent</labl>
  <sumStat type="vald"/>
  <sumStat type="invd"/>
  <catgry>
    <catValu>1</catValu>
    <labl>Elementary_or_less</labl>
    <catStat type="vald"/>
  </catgry>
  <catgry>
    <catValu>2</catValu>
    <labl>Secondary</labl>
    <catStat type="invd"/>
  </catgry>
  <catgry>
    <catValu>3</catValu>
    <labl>College</labl>
  </catgry>
  <catgry>
    <catValu>4</catValu>
    <labl>Dont_know</labl>
  </catgry>
  <catgry>
    <catValu>5</catValu>
    <labl>Refused</labl>
  </catgry>
  <catgry>
    <catValu>6</catValu>
    <labl>Didn't attend school</labl>
  </catgry>
  <catgry>
    <catValu>7</catValu>
    <labl>DON'T KNOW</labl>
  </catgry>
  <catgry>
    <catValu>8</catValu>
    <labl>Other [specify]</labl>
  </catgry>
  <catgry>
    <catValu>9</catValu>
    <labl>Primary/Elementary - Completed elementary education or less [up to eight years of basic education]</labl>
  </catgry>
  <catgry>
    <catValu>10</catValu>
    <labl>REFUSED</labl>
  </catgry>
  <catgry>
    <catValu>11</catValu>
    <labl>Secondary - Completed some secondary education up to three years tertiary education [9 to 15 years of education]</labl>
  </catgry>
  <catgry>
    <catValu>12</catValu>
    <labl>Tertiary - Completed four years of education beyond “high school” and/or received a four-year college degree</labl>
  </catgry>
</var>
<var ID="V21" name="Area" files="F1" intrvl="discrete">
  <varFormat type="numeric"/>
  <location width="12" RecSegNo="1"/>
  <labl>Area</labl>
  <sumStat type="vald"/>
  <sumStat type="invd"/>
  <catgry>
    <catValu>1</catValu>
    <labl>Urban/Suburbs</labl>
    <catStat type="vald"/>
  </catgry>
  <catgry>
    <catValu>2</catValu>
    <labl>Towns/Rural</labl>
    <catStat type="invd"/>
  </catgry>
  <catgry>
    <catValu>3</catValu>
    <labl>Dont_know</labl>
  </catgry>
  <catgry>
    <catValu>4</catValu>
    <labl>Refused</labl>
  </catgry>
  <catgry>
    <catValu>5</catValu>
    <labl>A TOWN</labl>
  </catgry>
  <catgry>
    <catValu>6</catValu>
    <labl>A VILLAGE</labl>
  </catgry>
  <catgry>
    <catValu>7</catValu>
    <labl>THE CENTER OF A BIG CITY</labl>
  </catgry>
  <catgry>
    <catValu>8</catValu>
    <labl>THE SUBURBS OF A BIG CITY</labl>
  </catgry>
</var>
<var ID="V22" name="Gender" files="F1" intrvl="discrete">
  <varFormat type="numeric"/>
  <location width="12" RecSegNo="1"/>
  <labl>Gender of the respondent</labl>
  <sumStat type="vald"/>
  <sumStat type="invd"/>
  <catgry>
    <catValu>1</catValu>
    <labl>Male</labl>
    <catStat type="vald"/>
  </catgry>
  <catgry>
    <catValu>2</catValu>
    <labl>Female</labl>
    <catStat type="invd"/>
  </catgry>
</var>
</dataDscr></codeBook>
