MDG_2022_FINDEX_v01_M DDI_MDG_2022_FINDEX_v01_M_WB Development Data Group 2024-02-22 Python 3 Global Financial Inclusion (Global Findex) Database 2021 FINDEX 2021 MDG_2022_FINDEX_v01_M Development Research Group, Finance and Private Sector Development Unit Gallup, Inc. Development Research Group, World Bank The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation GlobalFindex Saniya Ansar Jijun Wang Mansi Vipin Panchamia Other Household Survey [hh/oth] The Global Findex is the world’s most comprehensive database on financial inclusion. It is also the only global demand-side data source allowing for global and regional cross-country analysis to provide a rigorous and multidimensional picture of how adults save, borrow, make payments, and manage financial risks. Global Findex 2021 data were collected from national representative surveys of almost 145,000 adults in 139 economies. The latest edition follows the 2011, 2014, and 2017 editions, and it includes a number of new series measuring financial health and resilience and contains more granular data on digital payment adoption, including merchant and government payments. Due to ongoing COVID-19 restrictions that were in place in 2021, Global Findex 2021 data for 16 countries were collected through face-to-face interviews in 2022 and released now. Version 01: Edited, anonymous dataset for public distribution. This is the second update (May 2023) to the microdata originally released in Oct 2022 with the first update in Dec 2022. This includes 16 new countries that were surveyed in 2022 (Azerbaijan, Botswana, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Dem. Rep., Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gambia, The, Guatemala, Lesotho, Madagascar, Mauritania, Mexico, Niger, Vietnam, Yemen, Rep.). Please also see Microdata_update_details_2022.xlsx which details these updates. Madagascar Regions that were unsafe or unreachable were excluded from the sample. The excluded areas represent approximately 17% of the total population. Observation data/ratings [obs] GlobalFindex Saniya Ansar Jijun Wang Mansi Vipin Panchamia The user of the data acknowledges that the original collector of the data, the authorized distributor of the data, and the relevant funding agency bear no responsibility for use of the data or for interpretations or inferences based upon such uses. micro_mdg 2021 Global Findex - Madagascar Microdata 1000 120 World Bank Economy 1000 0 Economy Code 1000 0 Gallup World Poll identifier 1000 0 111175947 211085425 Weight 1000 0 0.2383883623401401 2.7066572971706706 Respondent is female 1000 0 1 2 1 female 573 2 male 427 Respondent age 1000 0 15 84 15 15 13 16 16 19 17 17 22 18 18 33 19 19 34 20 20 37 21 21 22 22 22 42 23 23 32 24 24 36 25 25 49 26 26 20 27 27 27 28 28 23 29 29 17 30 30 47 31 31 12 32 32 27 33 33 22 34 34 18 35 35 33 36 36 12 37 37 17 38 38 13 39 39 13 40 40 22 41 41 11 42 42 18 43 43 13 44 44 6 45 45 24 46 46 12 47 47 7 48 48 13 49 49 13 50 50 23 51 51 12 52 52 20 53 53 4 54 54 10 55 55 13 56 56 11 57 57 5 58 58 7 59 59 9 60 60 14 61 61 3 62 62 12 63 63 8 64 64 8 65 65 8 66 66 6 67 67 4 68 68 5 69 69 6 70 70 6 71 71 4 72 72 5 73 73 4 74 74 0 75 75 1 76 76 3 77 77 0 78 78 4 79 79 0 80 80 1 81 81 2 82 82 1 83 83 1 84 84 1 85 85 0 86 86 0 87 87 0 88 88 0 89 89 0 90 90 0 91 91 0 92 92 0 93 93 0 94 94 0 95 95 0 96 96 0 97 97 0 98 98 0 99 99+ 0 Respondent education level 1000 0 1 5 1 completed primary school or less 653 2 completed secondary school 331 3 completed tertiary education or more 10 4 (dk) 3 5 (rf) 3 Within-economy household income quintile 1000 0 1 5 1 Poorest 20% 163 2 Second 20% 188 3 Middle 20% 178 4 Fourth 20% 193 5 Richest 20% 278 Respondent is in workforce 1000 0 1 2 1 in the workforce 811 2 out of the workforce 189 Respondent lives in rural area 1000 0 1 2 1 Rural 650 2 Urban 350 Has an account (READ:) This next section is about banks, [insert local terminology for Formal Financial Institutions] and other formal financial institutions. We are trying to understand how people across the world use financial institutions and how available they are to people. Please remember that all information you provide is completely confidential. An account can be used to save money, to make or to receive payments, or to receive wages or financial help. Do you, either by yourself or together with someone else, currently have an account at a bank or another type of formal financial institution? Yes or no? - Bank (If code 1, Continue; Otherwise, Skip to FIN2) 1000 0 0 1 0 no 693 1 yes 307 Has an account at a financial institution An account can be used to save money, to make or to receive payments, or to receive wages or financial help. Do you, either by yourself or together with someone else, currently have an account at a bank or another type of formal financial institution? Yes or no? - Financial Institution (If code 1, Continue; Otherwise, Skip to FIN2) 1000 0 0 1 0 no 839 1 yes 161 Has a mobile money account An account can be used to save money, to make or to receive payments, or to receive wages or financial help. Do you, either by yourself or together with someone else, currently have an account at a bank or another type of formal financial institution? Yes or no? - Mobile Money (If code 1, Continue; Otherwise, Skip to FIN2) 1000 0 0 1 0 no 774 1 yes 226 Opened first account to receive a wage payment Thinking about the FIRST account you opened, did you open it for any of the following reasons? - To receive a wage payment Read Items 115 885 1 2 1 yes 50 2 no 65 3 (dk) 0 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 885 Opened first account to receive money from the government Thinking about the FIRST account you opened, did you open it for any of the following reasons? - To receive money from the government Read Items 115 885 1 2 1 yes 31 2 no 84 3 (dk) 0 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 885 Has a debit card A/An [insert local terminology for ATM/debit card] is a card connected to an account at a financial institution that allows you to withdraw money, and the money is taken out of THAT ACCOUNT right away. Do you, personally, have a/an [insert local terminology for ATM/debit card]? Yes or no? (If code 1 in FIN1 OR code 1 in FIN2 [respondent has an account at a financial institution OR has a/an [insert local terminology for ATM/debit card], Continue with Read below; Otherwise, Skip to FIN11_1 [UNBANKED SECTION]) (INTERVIEWER: The respondent must CURRENTLY have a/an [insert local terminology for ATM/debit card]) 1000 0 1 2 1 yes 77 2 no 923 3 (dk) 0 4 (ref) 0 Used a debit card (READ:) Now I would like to ask you a few questions about different ways to make payments from your account. (If code 1 in FIN2, Continue; Otherwise, Skip to FIN5) In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you used your OWN [insert local terminology for ATM/debit card] DIRECTLY to make a purchase? (If code 1 in FIN4, Continue; Otherwise, Skip to FIN5) 77 923 1 2 1 yes 30 2 no 47 3 (dk) 0 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 923 Used a debit card in-store In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you used your OWN [insert local terminology for ATM/debit card] DIRECTLY to pay for a purchase IN a store? 30 970 1 2 1 yes 18 2 no 12 3 (dk) 0 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 970 Used a mobile phone or internet to access account Thinking about your account at a bank or financial institution, in the PAST 12 MONTHS, did you ever use a MOBILE PHONE or the Internet to make payments, buy things, or to send or receive money using this account? (INTERVIEWER: This should not include transactions made through phone calls.) 128 872 1 3 1 yes 48 2 no 79 3 (dk) 1 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 872 Used a mobile phone or internet to check account balance In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you checked your account balance using a mobile phone or the Internet? (INTERVIEWER: If respondent mentions "text messages", code as Yes) 128 872 1 4 1 yes 42 2 no 85 3 (dk) 0 4 (ref) 1 Sysmiss 872 Has a credit card A credit card is a card that allows you to BORROW money in order to make payments or buy things, and you can pay the balance off later. Do you, personally, have a credit card? (If code 1 in FIN7, Continue; Otherwise, Skip to Read before FIN9) 128 872 1 2 1 yes 27 2 no 101 3 (dk) 0 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 872 Used a credit card In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, personally, used your credit card? (If code 1 in FIN8, Continue; Otherwise, Skip to FIN8B) 27 973 1 2 1 yes 23 2 no 4 3 (dk) 0 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 973 Used a credit card in-store In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, personally, used your credit card to pay for a purchase IN a store? 23 977 1 2 1 yes 12 2 no 11 3 (dk) 0 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 977 Paid credit card balances in full In the PAST 12 MONTHS, did you pay off ALL your credit card balances in full by their due date? 27 973 1 2 1 yes 20 2 no 7 3 (dk) 0 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 973 Made any deposit into the account (READ:) Now, thinking about ALL the PERSONAL accounts you have at financial institutions, either by yourself or together with someone else… IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS, has money ever been DEPOSITED into your personal account(s)? This includes cash or electronic deposits, or any time money is put into your account(s) by yourself, an employer, or another person or institution. (If code 1 in FIN9, Continue; Otherwise, Skip to FIN10) 128 872 1 2 1 yes 52 2 no 76 3 (dk) 0 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 872 Make deposits into the account two or more times per month IN A TYPICAL MONTH, is money DEPOSITED into your personal account(s) two or more times per month? 52 948 1 2 1 yes 25 2 no 27 3 (dk) 0 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 948 Withdrew from the account IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS, has money ever been TAKEN OUT of your personal account(s)? This includes cash withdrawals you make in person, using your [insert local terminology for ATM/debit card] or mobile phone, electronic payments or purchases, checks, or any other time money is removed from your account(s) by yourself or another person or institution. (If code 1 in FIN10, Continue; Otherwise, Skip to FIN10B) 128 872 1 4 1 yes 54 2 no 73 3 (dk) 0 4 (ref) 1 Sysmiss 872 Withdrew from the account two or more times per month IN A TYPICAL MONTH, is money TAKEN OUT of your personal account(s) two or more times per month? 54 946 1 2 1 yes 24 2 no 30 3 (dk) 0 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 946 Used account to store money Do you typically keep any money in your personal account(s)? (All in FIN10B, Skip to FIN12 [MOBILE MONEY SECTION]) UNBANKED SECTION 128 872 1 4 1 yes 77 2 no 50 3 (dk) 0 4 (ref) 1 Sysmiss 872 Unbanked: use account without help If you were to open an account at a bank or another type of formal financial institution, do you think you could use it by yourself, without the help of another person? 693 307 1 3 1 yes 194 2 no 489 3 (dk) 10 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 307 Reason for no account: too far Please tell me whether each of the following is A REASON why you, personally, DO NOT have an account at a bank or another type of formal financial institution. Is it __________? (Randomly rotate) - Because financial institutions are too far away (Randomly rotate) 872 128 1 3 1 yes 490 2 no 378 3 (dk) 4 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 128 Reason for no account: too expensive Please tell me whether each of the following is A REASON why you, personally, DO NOT have an account at a bank or another type of formal financial institution. Is it __________? - Because financial services are too expensive (Randomly rotate) 872 128 1 4 1 yes 459 2 no 384 3 (dk) 28 4 (ref) 1 Sysmiss 128 Reason for no account: lack documentation Please tell me whether each of the following is A REASON why you, personally, DO NOT have an account at a bank or another type of formal financial institution. Is it __________? - Because you don't have the necessary documentation (Randomly rotate) 872 128 1 3 1 yes 490 2 no 378 3 (dk) 4 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 128 Reason for no account: lack trust Please tell me whether each of the following is A REASON why you, personally, DO NOT have an account at a bank or another type of formal financial institution. Is it __________? - Because you don't trust financial institutions (Randomly rotate) 872 128 1 4 1 yes 273 2 no 588 3 (dk) 10 4 (ref) 1 Sysmiss 128 Reason for no account: religious reasons Please tell me whether each of the following is A REASON why you, personally, DO NOT have an account at a bank or another type of formal financial institution. Is it __________? - Because of religious reasons (Randomly rotate) 872 128 1 3 1 yes 175 2 no 681 3 (dk) 16 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 128 Reason for no account: lack money Please tell me whether each of the following is A REASON why you, personally, DO NOT have an account at a bank or another type of formal financial institution. Is it __________? - Because you don't have enough money to use financial institutions (Randomly rotate) 872 128 1 4 1 yes 669 2 no 201 3 (dk) 1 4 (ref) 1 Sysmiss 128 Reason for no account: family member already has one Please tell me whether each of the following is A REASON why you, personally, DO NOT have an account at a bank or another type of formal financial institution. Is it __________? - Because someone else in the family already has an account (Randomly rotate) 872 128 1 3 1 yes 197 2 no 663 3 (dk) 12 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 128 Reason for no account: no need for financial services Please tell me whether each of the following is A REASON why you, personally, DO NOT have an account at a bank or another type of formal financial institution. Is it __________? - Because you have no need for financial services at a formal institution (Randomly rotate) 872 128 1 3 1 yes 239 2 no 622 3 (dk) 11 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 128 Reason for no mobile money account: too far Please tell me whether each of the following is A REASON why you, personally, do NOT have a mobile money account. Is it…? - (Read Items)(Programmer: Randomize Items) 723 277 1 3 1 yes 362 2 no 355 3 (dk) 6 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 277 Reason for no mobile money account: too expensive Please tell me whether each of the following is A REASON why you, personally, do NOT have a mobile money account. Is it…? - (Read Items)(Programmer: Randomize Items) 723 277 1 3 1 yes 376 2 no 329 3 (dk) 18 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 277 Reason for no mobile money account: lack documentation Please tell me whether each of the following is A REASON why you, personally, do NOT have a mobile money account. Is it…? - (Read Items)(Programmer: Randomize Items) 723 277 1 3 1 yes 384 2 no 334 3 (dk) 5 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 277 Reason for no mobile money account: lack of money Please tell me whether each of the following is A REASON why you, personally, do NOT have a mobile money account. Is it…? - (Read Items)(Programmer: Randomize Items) 723 277 1 2 1 yes 534 2 no 189 3 (dk) 0 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 277 Reason for no mobile money account: use agent Please tell me whether each of the following is A REASON why you, personally, do NOT have a mobile money account. Is it…? - (Read Items)(Programmer: Randomize Items) 723 277 1 3 1 yes 156 2 no 554 3 (dk) 13 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 277 Reason for no mobile money account: no mobile phone Please tell me whether each of the following is A REASON why you, personally, do NOT have a mobile money account. Is it…? - (Read Items)(Programmer: Randomize Items) 723 277 1 3 1 yes 422 2 no 297 3 (dk) 4 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 277 Use mobile money account two or more times a month IN A TYPICAL MONTH, have you personally used a mobile money account to make payments, buy things, or to send or receive money using a service such as [insert local example of mobile money product, like M-PESA] two or more times a month? 203 797 1 2 1 yes 119 2 no 84 3 (dk) 0 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 797 Use mobile money account to store money Do you typically keep any money in your mobile money account? 203 797 1 2 1 yes 104 2 no 99 3 (dk) 0 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 797 Use mobile money account to borrow money In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you borrowed any money using your mobile money account? 203 797 1 2 1 yes 59 2 no 144 3 (dk) 0 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 797 Use mobile money account without help Can you use your mobile money account by yourself without the help of another person or mobile money agent? 214 786 1 3 1 yes 147 2 no 66 3 (dk) 1 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 786 Use mobile phone to pay for a purchase in-store In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, personally, used a mobile phone to pay for a purchase IN a store? (If code 1 in FIN4A, FIN8A OR FIN14_1, Continue; Otherwise, Skip to FIN14) MOBILE/INTERNET SECTION (ASK ALL) 1000 0 1 3 1 yes 84 2 no 914 3 (dk) 2 4 (ref) 0 Paid digitally for an in-store purchase for the first time after COVID-19 Before the [insert local term for coronavirus] situation started in (your country), did you ONLY use cash to pay for purchases IN a store, or did you also use other methods of payment such as a card or mobile phone to pay for purchases IN a store? - After COVID-19 92 908 1 3 1 Only used cash 65 2 Used other methods, such as a card or mobile phone 16 3 (dk) 11 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 908 Paid digitally for an in-store purchase for the first time since 2020 Prior to 2020, did you ONLY use cash to pay for purchases IN a store, or did you also use other methods of payment such as a card or mobile phone to pay for purchases IN a store? 0 1000 1 Only used cash 0 2 Used other methods, such as a card or mobile phone 0 3 (dk) 0 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 1000 Made bill payments online using the Internet In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, personally, used a mobile phone or the Internet to…? - Make bill payments (If code 1 in FIN14B, Continue; Otherwise, Skip to FIN16) (Read Items) (INTERVIEWER: This should not include transactions made through phone calls.) 1000 0 1 3 1 yes 60 2 no 933 3 (dk) 7 4 (ref) 0 Send money to a relative or friend online using the Internet In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, personally, used a mobile phone or the Internet to…? - Send money to a relative or friend (If code 1 in FIN14B, Continue; Otherwise, Skip to FIN16) (Read Items) (INTERVIEWER: This should not include transactions made through phone calls.) 1000 0 1 3 1 yes 205 2 no 792 3 (dk) 3 4 (ref) 0 Bought something online using the Internet In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, personally, used a mobile phone or the Internet to…? - Buy something online (If code 1 in FIN14B, Continue; Otherwise, Skip to FIN16) (Read Items) (INTERVIEWER: This should not include transactions made through phone calls.) 1000 0 1 3 1 yes 60 2 no 938 3 (dk) 2 4 (ref) 0 Paid online or in cash at delivery Do you usually pay online or in cash when the order is delivered? 60 940 1 5 1 Pay online 11 2 In cash 41 3 (both) 2 4 (dk) 5 5 (ref) 1 Sysmiss 940 Paid online for an online purchase for the first time after COVID-19 Before the [insert local term for coronavirus] situation started in (your country) did you ONLY pay in cash when online purchases were delivered, or did you ALSO pay online? - after COVID-19 60 940 1 3 1 Only paid in cash 47 2 Paid online 9 3 (dk) 4 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 940 Paid online for an online purchase for the first time since 2020 SAVINGS SECTION (ASK ALL) Prior to 2020, did you ONLY pay in cash when online purchases were delivered, or did you ALSO pay online? 0 1000 1 Only paid in cash 0 2 Paid online 0 3 (dk) 0 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 1000 Saved for old age In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, personally, saved or set aside any money FOR your OLD AGE? 1000 0 1 4 1 yes 141 2 no 854 3 (dk) 4 4 (ref) 1 Saved using an account at a financial institution In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, personally, saved or set aside any money by __________? - Using an account at a bank or another type of formal financial institution (INTERVIEWER: This can include using another person's account) (If code 1 to ANY in FIN16, FIN17A, FIN17A1, OR FIN17B [respondent has saved money for old age OR saved using an account at a financial institution, a mobile money account, or an informal savings group/club], Skip to Read before FIN20 [BORROWING SECTION]; Otherwise, Continue) (Read Items) (Programmer: Display FIN17A and FIN17B for ALL respondents. Only display FIN17A1 if code 1 in FIN13.) 1000 0 1 4 1 yes 41 2 no 955 3 (dk) 3 4 (ref) 1 Saved using a mobile money account In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, personally, saved or set aside any money by __________? - Using a mobile money account (If code 1 to ANY in FIN16, FIN17A, FIN17A1, OR FIN17B [respondent has saved money for old age OR saved using an account at a financial institution, a mobile money account, or an informal savings group/club], Skip to Read before FIN20 [BORROWING SECTION]; Otherwise, Continue) (Read Items) (Programmer: Display FIN17A and FIN17B for ALL respondents. Only display FIN17A1 if code 1 in FIN13.) 277 723 1 4 1 yes 117 2 no 159 3 (dk) 0 4 (ref) 1 Sysmiss 723 Saved using an informal savings club In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, personally, saved or set aside any money by __________? - Using an informal savings group/club such as [insert local terminology for savings group/club] or a person outside the family (If code 1 to ANY in FIN16, FIN17A, FIN17A1, OR FIN17B [respondent has saved money for old age OR saved using an account at a financial institution, a mobile money account, or an informal savings group/club], Skip to Read before FIN20 [BORROWING SECTION]; Otherwise, Continue) (Read Items) (Programmer: Display FIN17A and FIN17B for ALL respondents. Only display FIN17A1 if code 1 in FIN13.) 1000 0 1 4 1 yes 52 2 no 943 3 (dk) 4 4 (ref) 1 Borrowed for medical purposes BORROWING SECTION (ASK ALL) (READ:) This next section is about borrowing money for different purposes and from different sources such as family and friends, and banks, [insert local terminology for Formal Financial Lenders], or other formal financial institutions. In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, by yourself or together with someone else, borrowed money for health or medical purposes? 1000 0 1 3 1 yes 212 2 no 787 3 (dk) 1 4 (ref) 0 Borrowed from a financial institution In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, by yourself or together with someone else, borrowed any money from any of the following sources? - From a bank or another type of formal financial institution? (If code 1 to ANY in FIN20, FIN22A, FIN22B, OR FIN22C [respondent has borrowed money for health or medical purposes OR borrowed money from a financial institution, family, relatives, friends or from an informal savings group/club], Skip to FIN24 [FINANCIAL RESILIENCE SECTION]; Otherwise, Continue) (Read Items) (Programmer: Display FIN22A and FIN22B for ALL respondents. Only display FIN22C if code 1 in FIN17B.) 1000 0 1 2 1 yes 61 2 no 939 3 (dk) 0 4 (ref) 0 Borrowed from family or friends In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, by yourself or together with someone else, borrowed any money from any of the following sources? - From family, relatives, or friends in the past 12 months? (If code 1 to ANY in FIN20, FIN22A, FIN22B, OR FIN22C [respondent has borrowed money for health or medical purposes OR borrowed money from a financial institution, family, relatives, friends or from an informal savings group/club], Skip to FIN24 [FINANCIAL RESILIENCE SECTION]; Otherwise, Continue) (Read Items) (Programmer: Display FIN22A and FIN22B for ALL respondents. Only display FIN22C if code 1 in FIN17B.) 1000 0 1 2 1 yes 351 2 no 649 3 (dk) 0 4 (ref) 0 Borrowed from an informal savings club In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, by yourself or together with someone else, borrowed any money from any of the following sources? - From an informal savings group/club such as [insert local terminology for savings group/club]? (If code 1 to ANY in FIN20, FIN22A, FIN22B, OR FIN22C [respondent has borrowed money for health or medical purposes OR borrowed money from a financial institution, family, relatives, friends or from an informal savings group/club], Skip to FIN24 [FINANCIAL RESILIENCE SECTION]; Otherwise, Continue) (Read Items) (Programmer: Display FIN22A and FIN22B for ALL respondents. Only display FIN22C if code 1 in FIN17B.) 52 948 1 2 1 yes 22 2 no 30 3 (dk) 0 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 948 Main source of emergency funds in 30 days FINANCIAL RESILIENCE SECTION (ASK ALL) Now, imagine that you have an emergency and you need to pay [insert 1/20 of GNI per capita in local currency units]. What would be the MAIN source of money that you would use to come up with [insert 1/20 of GNI per capita in local currency units] within the NEXT 30 days? ( (If code 1-6 in FIN24, Continue; Otherwise, Skip to FIN26 [PAYMENTS SECTION]) (Read Items) (Interviewer: If respondent says "credit card," please code as "borrowing from a bank, employer, or private lender.") 1000 0 1 9 1 Main source: Savings 84 2 Main source: Family or friends 228 3 Main source: Money from working 335 4 Main source: Borrowing from a bank, empoyer, or private lender 32 5 Main source: Selling assets 144 6 Main source: Some other source 62 7 (I could not come up with the money) 54 8 (dk) 58 9 ref 3 Difficulty of emergency funds in 30 days How difficult would it be for you to come up with [insert 1/20 of GNI per capita in local currency units] within the NEXT 30 days? Would it be very difficult, somewhat difficult, or not difficult at all? 885 115 1 5 1 Very difficult 588 2 Somewhat difficult 247 3 Not difficult at all 47 4 (DK) 2 5 (ref) 1 Sysmiss 115 Difficulty of emergency funds in 7 days How difficult would it be for you to come up with [insert 1/20 of GNI per capita in local currency units] within the NEXT 7 days? Would it be very difficult, somewhat difficult, or not difficult at all? 885 115 1 6 1 Very difficult 725 2 Somewhat difficult 132 3 Not difficult at all 24 4 (I could not come up with the money) 2 5 (DK) 1 6 (ref) 1 Sysmiss 115 Sent domestic remittances PAYMENTS SECTION (ASK ALL) In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, personally, GIVEN or SENT money to a relative or friend living in a different city or area INSIDE (your country)? This can be money you brought yourself or sent in some other way. (If code 1 in FIN26, Continue; Otherwise, Skip to FIN28) (INTERVIEWER: This can be money given or sent for any reason) 1000 0 1 3 1 yes 231 2 no 767 3 (dk) 2 4 (ref) 0 Sent domestic remittances through an account In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, personally, GIVEN or SENT money to a relative or friend living in a different city or area inside (your country) using a bank account or a mobile money account? (If code 2-4 in FIN27_1, Continue; Otherwise, Skip to FIN28) 231 769 1 2 1 yes 112 2 no 119 3 (dk) 0 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 769 Sent domestic remittances in cash In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, personally, GIVEN or SENT money to a relative or friend living in a different city or area inside (your country) in any of the following ways? - You handed cash to this person or sent cash through someone you know (Read Items) 119 881 1 2 1 yes 59 2 no 60 3 (dk) 0 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 881 Sent domestic remittances through an MTO In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, personally, GIVEN or SENT money to a relative or friend living in a different city or area inside (your country) in any of the following ways? - You sent money through a money transfer service (Read Items) 119 881 1 2 1 yes 44 2 no 75 3 (dk) 0 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 881 Received domestic remittances In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, personally, RECEIVED MONEY from a relative or friend living in a different city or area INSIDE (your country) including any money you received in person? Yes or no? (If code 1 in FIN28, Continue; Otherwise, Skip to FIN30) (INTERVIEWER: This can be money received for any reason except payments for goods and services) 1000 0 1 3 1 yes 308 2 no 690 3 (dk) 2 4 (ref) 0 Received domestic remittances through an account In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, personally, RECEIVED MONEY from a relative or friend living in a different city or area inside (your country) using a bank account or a mobile money account? (If code 2-4 in FIN29_1, Continue; Otherwise, Skip to FIN30) 308 692 1 2 1 yes 126 2 no 182 3 (dk) 0 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 692 Received domestic remittances in cash In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, personally, RECEIVED money from a relative or friend living in a different city or area inside (your country) in any of the following ways? - You were handed cash by this person or by someone you know (Read Items) 182 818 1 3 1 yes 82 2 no 98 3 (dk) 2 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 818 Received domestic remittances through an MTO In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, personally, RECEIVED money from a relative or friend living in a different city or area inside (your country) in any of the following ways? - You received money through a money transfer service (Read Items) 182 818 1 2 1 yes 42 2 no 140 3 (dk) 0 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 818 Paid a utility bill (ASK ALL) In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, personally, made regular payments for electricity, water, OR trash collection? Yes or no? (If code 1 in FIN30, Continue; Otherwise, Skip to FIN32) 1000 0 1 2 1 yes 186 2 no 814 3 (dk) 0 4 (ref) 0 Paid a utility bill using an account In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, personally, made payments for electricity, water, OR trash collection in any of the following ways? - You used an account at a bank or another type of formal financial institution to directly make a payment (If code 1 in FIN31A OR code 1 in FIN31B [respondent has made payments for electricity, water, OR trash collection through an account at a financial institution OR through a mobile phone], Continue; Otherwise, Skip to FIN31C) (Read Items) 186 814 1 3 1 yes 18 2 no 167 3 (dk) 1 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 814 Paid a utility bill using a mobile phone In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, personally, made payments for electricity, water, OR trash collection in any of the following ways? - You used a mobile phone to make a payment (If code 1 in FIN31A OR code 1 in FIN31B [respondent has made payments for electricity, water, OR trash collection through an account at a financial institution OR through a mobile phone], Continue; Otherwise, Skip to FIN31C) (Read Items) 186 814 1 3 1 yes 34 2 no 151 3 (dk) 1 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 814 Paid a utility bill from an account or mobile phone for the first time after the Before the [insert local term for coronavirus] situation started in (your country), did you ONLY use cash to make payments for electricity, water, OR trash collection, or did you also use other methods of payment such as an account or mobile phone to pay for these services? - After COVID-19 (All in FIN31B1, Skip to FIN32) 42 958 1 3 1 Only used cash 28 2 Used other methods, such as a card or mobile phone 13 3 (dk) 1 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 958 Paid a utility bill from an account or mobile phone for the first time since 202 Prior to 2020, did you ONLY use cash to make payments for electricity OR water, or did you also use other methods of payment such as an account or mobile phone to pay for these services? (All in FIN31B1, Skip to FIN32) 0 1000 1 Only used cash 0 2 Used other methods, such as a card or mobile phone 0 3 (dk) 0 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 1000 Paid a utility bill in cash In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, personally, made payments for electricity, water, OR trash collection using cash? (ASK ALL) 144 856 1 3 1 yes 115 2 no 28 3 (dk) 1 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 856 Received wage payments Have you received any money from an EMPLOYER, in the form of SALARY OR WAGES, for doing work in the PAST 12 MONTHS? Please do NOT consider any money you received directly from clients or customers. (If code 1 in FIN32, Continue; Otherwise, Skip to FIN37) (INTERVIEWER: Respondent should only consider SALARY OR WAGES they received, not any other payments they might have received from an employer) 1000 0 1 3 1 yes 194 2 no 805 3 (dk) 1 4 (ref) 0 Received public sector wage payments In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you been employed by the government, military, or public sector? Yes or no? 194 806 1 2 1 yes 32 2 no 162 3 (dk) 0 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 806 Received wage payments into an account In the PAST 12 MONTHS, has an EMPLOYER paid your salary or wages in any of the following ways? - You received payments directly into an account at a bank or another type of formal financial institution (If code 1 in FIN34A OR code 1 in FIN34B [respondent received payments from an employer for salary or wages directly into an account at a financial institution OR through a mobile phone], Skip to Note before FIN35; Otherwise, Continue) (Read Items) (INTERVIEWER: Respondent should only consider SALARY OR WAGES they received, not any other payments they might have received from an employer) 194 806 1 2 1 yes 32 2 no 162 3 (dk) 0 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 806 Received wage payments to a mobile phone In the PAST 12 MONTHS, has an EMPLOYER paid your salary or wages in any of the following ways? - You received payments through a mobile phone (If code 1 in FIN34A OR code 1 in FIN34B [respondent received payments from an employer for salary or wages directly into an account at a financial institution OR through a mobile phone], Skip to Note before FIN35; Otherwise, Continue) (Read Items) (INTERVIEWER: Respondent should only consider SALARY OR WAGES they received, not any other payments they might have received from an employer) 194 806 1 2 1 yes 41 2 no 153 3 (dk) 0 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 806 Received wage payments in cash In the PAST 12 MONTHS, has an EMPLOYER paid your salary or wages in cash? (If code 2-4 in FIN34D, Continue; Otherwise, Skip to FIN37) (INTERVIEWER: Respondent should only consider SALARY OR WAGES they received, not any other payments they might have received from an employer) 137 863 1 3 1 yes 101 2 no 35 3 (dk) 1 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 863 Received wage payments to a card In the PAST 12 MONTHS, has an employer paid your salary or wages to a card? (If code 1 in FIN34A, FIN34B, OR FIN34E, Continue; Otherwise, Skip to FIN37) 36 964 1 2 1 yes 1 2 no 35 3 (dk) 0 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 964 Received wage payments into an account or to a phone or a card and paid higher t In the PAST 12 MONTHS, did you ever pay higher fees than you expected to receive your salary or wages? (ASK ALL) 58 942 1 3 1 yes 14 2 no 42 3 (dk) 2 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 942 Received a government transfer In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you, personally, RECEIVED any financial support from the government? This money could include payments for educational or medical expenses, unemployment benefits or subsidy payments. Please do NOT include wages or any payments related to work. 1000 0 1 3 1 yes 60 2 no 939 3 (dk) 1 4 (ref) 0 Received a government pension IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS, have you personally received a pension from the government, military, or public sector? (If code 1 in FIN37 OR code 1 in FIN38 [respondent received financial support from the government or a pension from the government, military or public sector], Continue; Otherwise, Skip to FIN42) 1000 0 1 3 1 yes 16 2 no 983 3 (dk) 1 4 (ref) 0 Received a government transfer or pension into an account In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you received any money from the government in any of the following ways? - You received payments directly into an account at a bank or another type of formal financial institution (If code 1 in FIN39A OR code 1 in FIN39B [respondent received any money from the government directly into an account at a financial institution OR through a mobile phone], Skip to FIN42; Otherwise, Continue) (Read Items) 72 928 1 2 1 yes 13 2 no 59 3 (dk) 0 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 928 Received a government transfer or pension to a mobile phone In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you received any money from the government in any of the following ways? - You received payments through a mobile phone (If code 1 in FIN39A OR code 1 in FIN39B [respondent received any money from the government directly into an account at a financial institution OR through a mobile phone], Skip to FIN42; Otherwise, Continue) (Read Items) 72 928 1 3 1 yes 16 2 no 55 3 (dk) 1 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 928 Received a government transfer or pension in cash In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you received any money from the government in cash? (If code 2-4 in FIN39D, Continue; Otherwise, Skip to FIN42) 51 949 1 3 1 yes 19 2 no 31 3 (dk) 1 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 949 Received a government transfer or pension to a card In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you received any money from the government to a card? (ASK ALL) 32 968 2 2 1 yes 0 2 no 32 3 (dk) 0 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 968 Received an agricultural payment In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you personally RECEIVED money from any source for the sale of agricultural products, crops, produce, or livestock? (If code 1 in FIN42, Continue; Otherwise, Skip to Read before FIN44 [FINANCIAL WORRY SECTION]) 1000 0 1 3 1 yes 390 2 no 606 3 (dk) 4 4 (ref) 0 Grow own crops or raise livestock Does your household grow these crops or raise the livestock? 390 610 1 3 1 Yes 321 2 No 9 3 (Both) 60 4 (dk) 0 5 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 610 Received an agricultural payment into an account In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you received money for the sale of agricultural products, crops, produce, or livestock in any of the following ways? - You received payments directly into an account at a bank or another type of formal financial institution (If code 1 in FIN43A OR code 1 in FIN43B [respondent received any money from the sale of agricultural products, crops, produce, or livestock directly into an account at a financial institution OR through a mobile phone], Skip to Read before FIN44 [FINANCIAL WORRY SECTION]; Otherwise, Continue) (Read Items) 390 610 1 2 1 yes 26 2 no 364 3 (dk) 0 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 610 Received an agricultural payment to a mobile phone In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you received money for the sale of agricultural products, crops, produce, or livestock in any of the following ways? - You received payments through a mobile phone (If code 1 in FIN43A OR code 1 in FIN43B [respondent received any money from the sale of agricultural products, crops, produce, or livestock directly into an account at a financial institution OR through a mobile phone], Skip to Read before FIN44 [FINANCIAL WORRY SECTION]; Otherwise, Continue) (Read Items) 390 610 1 2 1 yes 49 2 no 341 3 (dk) 0 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 610 Received an agricultural payment in cash In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you received money for the sale of agricultural products, crops, produce, or livestock in cash? (If code 2-4 in FIN43D, Continue; Otherwise, Skip to Read before FIN44 [FINANCIAL WORRY SECTION]) 332 668 1 2 1 yes 294 2 no 38 3 (dk) 0 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 668 Received an agricultural payment to a card In the PAST 12 MONTHS, have you received money for the sale of agricultural products, crops, produce, or livestock to a card? (ASK ALL) 38 962 1 2 1 yes 2 2 no 36 3 (dk) 0 4 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 962 Financially worried: old age FINANCIAL WORRY SECTION (READ:) I will now ask you some questions about your financial situation. How worried are you right now about each of the following? Are you very worried, somewhat worried, or not worried at all at the present time? - Not having enough money for your old age (If code 1 or 2 [very worried or somewhat worried] to TWO OR MORE items in FIN44A-FIN44D, Continue; Otherwise, Skip to FIN45_1) (Read Items) 1000 0 1 5 1 Very worried 629 2 Somewhat worried 189 3 Not worried at all 163 4 (Does not apply) 2 5 (DK) 17 6 (ref) 0 Financially worried: medical cost How worried are you right now about each of the following? Are you very worried, somewhat worried, or not worried at all at the present time? - Not being able to pay for medical costs in case of a serious illness or accident (If code 1 or 2 [very worried or somewhat worried] to TWO OR MORE items in FIN44A-FIN44D, Continue; Otherwise, Skip to FIN45_1) 1000 0 1 5 1 Very worried 681 2 Somewhat worried 202 3 Not worried at all 100 4 (Does not apply) 1 5 (DK) 16 6 (ref) 0 Financially worried: bills How worried are you right now about each of the following? Are you very worried, somewhat worried, or not worried at all at the present time? - Not having enough money to pay for monthly expenses or bills (If code 1 or 2 [very worried or somewhat worried] to TWO OR MORE items in FIN44A-FIN44D, Continue; Otherwise, Skip to FIN45_1) 1000 0 1 5 1 Very worried 574 2 Somewhat worried 201 3 Not worried at all 191 4 (Does not apply) 16 5 (DK) 18 6 (ref) 0 Financially worried: education How worried are you right now about each of the following? Are you very worried, somewhat worried, or not worried at all at the present time? - Not being able to pay school fees or fees for education (If code 1 or 2 [very worried or somewhat worried] to TWO OR MORE items in FIN44A-FIN44D, Continue; Otherwise, Skip to FIN45_1) 1000 0 1 5 1 Very worried 527 2 Somewhat worried 219 3 Not worried at all 210 4 (Does not apply) 30 5 (DK) 14 6 (ref) 0 Financially most worried Among the financial issues you mentioned, which one are you MOST worried about? (Read Items) (PROGRAMMER: Only display options from FIN44A-FIN44D where code 1 "Very worried" or code 2 "Somewhat worried" was selected. Always display code 5 "(DK)" and 6 "(Refused)" for ALL respondents.) 887 113 1 6 1 Old age 199 2 Medical cost 413 3 Bills 69 4 Education 175 5 (DK) 30 6 (ref) 1 Sysmiss 113 Financially worried due to COVID-19 Are you very worried, somewhat worried, or not worried at all that you will experience, OR CONTINUE TO EXPERIENCE, severe financial hardship as a result of the disruption caused by [insert local term for coronavirus]? - After COVID-19 (ASK ALL) 1000 0 1 4 1 Very worried 569 2 Somewhat worried 262 3 Not worried at all 145 4 (DK) 24 5 (ref) 0 Financial worry Are you very worried, somewhat worried, or not worried at all that you will experience, OR CONTINUE TO EXPERIENCE, severe financial hardship? (ASK ALL) 0 1000 1 Very worried 0 2 Somewhat worried 0 3 Not worried at all 0 4 (DK) 0 5 (ref) 0 Sysmiss 1000 Saved in the past year 1000 0 0 1 0 no 673 1 yes 327 Borrowed in the past year 1000 0 0 1 0 no 551 1 yes 449 Received a wage payment 1000 0 1 5 1 received payments into an account 58 2 received payments in cash only 101 3 received payments using other methods 35 4 did not receive payments 805 5 dk/ref 1 Received a government transfer payment 1000 0 1 5 1 received payments into an account 19 2 received payments in cash only 17 3 received payments using other methods 24 4 did not receive payments 939 5 dk/ref 1 Received a government pension payment 1000 0 1 5 1 received payments into an account 6 2 received payments in cash only 2 3 received payments using other methods 8 4 did not receive payments 983 5 dk/ref 1 Received a payment for the sale of agricultural goods 1000 0 1 5 1 received payments into an account 60 2 received payments in cash only 294 3 received payments using other methods 36 4 did not receive payments 606 5 dk/ref 4 Paid a utility bill 1000 0 1 4 1 made payments from an account 42 2 made payments in cash only 115 3 made payments using other methods 29 4 did not make payments 814 5 dk/ref 0 Made or received a domestic remittance payment 1000 0 1 6 1 sent/received through an account 175 2 sent/received through an otc transaction 61 3 sent/received in cash only 71 4 sent/received using other methods 87 5 did not send/receive 603 6 dk/ref 3 Owns a mobile phone Do you have a mobile phone that you use to make and receive PERSONAL calls? 1000 0 1 2 1 yes 458 2 no 542 3 (dk) 0 4 (ref) 0 Internet access Do you have access to the Internet in any way, whether on a mobile phone, a computer, or some other device? 1000 0 1 3 1 yes 196 2 no 795 3 (dk) 9 4 (ref) 0 Made or received a digital payment 1000 0 0 1 0 no 719 1 yes 281 Made a digital merchant payment 1000 0 0 1 0 no 923 1 yes 77