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It is also the only global demand-side data source allowing for global and regional cross-country analysis to provide a rigorous and multidimensional picture of how adults save, borrow, make payments, and manage financial risks. Global Findex 2021 data were collected from national representative surveys of almost 145,000 adults in 139 economies. The latest edition follows the 2011, 2014, and 2017 editions, and it includes a number of new series measuring financial health and resilience and contains more granular data on digital payment adoption, including merchant and government payments. Due to ongoing COVID-19 restrictions that were in place in 2021, Global Findex 2021 data for 16 countries were collected through face-to-face interviews in 2022 and released now."},"version_statement":{"version":"Version 01: Edited, anonymous dataset for public distribution.","version_date":"2023-05-19","version_notes":"This is the second update (May 2023) to the microdata originally released in Oct 2022 with the first update in Dec 2022. This includes 16 new countries that were surveyed in 2022 (Azerbaijan, Botswana, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Dem. Rep., Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gambia, The, Guatemala, Lesotho, Madagascar, Mauritania, Mexico, Niger, Vietnam, Yemen, Rep.). Please also see Microdata_update_details_2022.xlsx which details these updates."},"study_info":{"abstract":"The fourth edition of the Global Findex offers a lens into how people accessed and used financial services during the COVID-19 pandemic, when mobility restrictions and health policies drove increased demand for digital services of all kinds.\n\nThe Global Findex is the world\u2019s most comprehensive database on financial inclusion. It is also the only global demand-side data source allowing for global and regional cross-country analysis to provide a rigorous and multidimensional picture of how adults save, borrow, make payments, and manage financial risks. Global Findex 2021 data were collected from national representative surveys of almost 145,000 people in 139 economies, representing 97 percent of the world\u2019s population. The latest edition follows the 2011, 2014, and 2017 editions, and it includes a number of new series measuring financial health and resilience and contains more granular data on digital payment adoption, including merchant and government payments.\n\nThe Global Findex is an indispensable resource for financial service practitioners, policy makers, researchers, and development professionals.","coll_dates":[{"start":"2022-06-16","end":"2022-07-24","cycle":""}],"nation":[{"name":"Madagascar","abbreviation":"MDG"}],"geog_coverage":"Regions that were unsafe or unreachable were excluded from the sample. The excluded areas represent approximately 17% of the total population.","data_kind":"Observation data\/ratings [obs]"},"method":{"data_collection":{"sampling_procedure":"In most developing economies, Global Findex data have traditionally been collected through face-to-face interviews. Surveys are conducted face-to-face in economies where telephone coverage represents less than 80 percent of the population or where in-person surveying is the customary methodology. However, because of ongoing COVID-19\u2013related mobility restrictions, face-to-face interviewing was not possible in some of these economies in 2021. Phone-based surveys were therefore conducted in 67 economies that had been surveyed face-to-face in 2017. These 67 economies were selected for inclusion based on population size, phone penetration rate, COVID-19 infection rates, and the feasibility of executing phone-based methods where Gallup would otherwise conduct face-to-face data collection, while complying with all government-issued guidance throughout the interviewing process. Gallup takes both mobile phone and landline ownership into consideration. 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Unless an outright refusal occurs, interviewers make up to three attempts to survey the sampled household. To increase the probability of contact and completion, attempts are made at different times of the day and, where possible, on different days. If an interview cannot be obtained at the initial sampled household, a simple substitution method is used. Respondents are randomly selected within the selected households. Each eligible household member is listed, and the hand-held survey device randomly selects the household member to be interviewed. For paper surveys, the Kish grid method is used to select the respondent. In economies where cultural restrictions dictate gender matching, respondents are randomly selected from among all eligible adults of the interviewer's gender.\n\nIn traditionally phone-based economies, respondent selection follows the same procedure as in previous years, using random digit dialing or a nationally representative list of phone numbers. In most economies where mobile phone and landline penetration is high, a dual sampling frame is used.\n\nThe same respondent selection procedure is applied to the new phone-based economies. Dual frame (landline and mobile phone) random digital dialing is used where landline presence and use are 20 percent or higher based on historical Gallup estimates. Mobile phone random digital dialing is used in economies with limited to no landline presence (less than 20 percent).\n\nFor landline respondents in economies where mobile phone or landline penetration is 80 percent or higher, random selection of respondents is achieved by using either the latest birthday or household enumeration method. For mobile phone respondents in these economies or in economies where mobile phone or landline penetration is less than 80 percent, no further selection is performed. 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