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<codeBook version="2.5" ID="MWI_2022_URTDDMT-IE_v01_M" xml-lang="en" xmlns="ddi:codebook:2_5" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="ddi:codebook:2_5 http://www.ddialliance.org/Specification/DDI-Codebook/2.5/XMLSchema/codebook.xsd">
<docDscr>
  <citation>
    <titlStmt>
      <IDNo>DDI_MWI_2022_URTDDMT-IE_v01_M_WB</IDNo>
    </titlStmt>
    <prodStmt>
      <producer abbr="DECDG" affiliation="The World Bank" role="Documentation of the study">Development Economics Data Group</producer>
      <prodDate date="2025-07-23T04:00:00.000Z">2025-07-23T04:00:00.000Z</prodDate>
      <software version="beta">MetadataEditor</software>
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    <verStmt>
      <version date="2025-07-23T04:00:00.000Z">Version 01 (July 2025)</version>
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</docDscr>
<stdyDscr>
  <citation>
    <titlStmt>
      <titl>Using Remote Tracking to Detect and Deter Medications Theft, Impact Evaluation 2022</titl>
      <IDNo>MWI_2022_URTDDMT-IE_v01_M</IDNo>
    </titlStmt>
    <rspStmt>
      <AuthEnty affiliation="London School of Economics and Political Science">Ryan Jablonski</AuthEnty>
      <AuthEnty affiliation="University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill">Brigitte Seim</AuthEnty>
      <AuthEnty affiliation="University of California, San Diego">Mariana Carvalho</AuthEnty>
      <AuthEnty affiliation="University of California, San Diego">Clark Gibson</AuthEnty>
    </rspStmt>
    <prodStmt>
      <software version="beta" date="2025-09-03">MetadataEditor</software>
      <fundAg abbr="SIEF">Strategic Impact Evaluation Fund</fundAg>
    </prodStmt>
    <distStmt>
      <contact affiliation="London School of Economics and Political Science" email="ryansjablonski@gmail.com">Ryan Jablonski</contact>
      <contact affiliation="University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill" email="bazimm@gmail.com">Brigitte Seim</contact>
      <contact affiliation="University of California, San Diego">Mariana Carvalho</contact>
      <contact affiliation="University of California, San Diego">Clark Gibson</contact>
      <contact affiliation="The World Bank" URI="https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/sief-trust-fund" email="siefimpact@worldbank.org">Strategic Impact Evaluation Fund</contact>
      <depositr affiliation="The World Bank">Meyhar Mohammed LNU</depositr>
      <depDate date="2024-01-24T05:00:00.000Z"/>
    </distStmt>
    <serStmt>
      <serName>Administrative Records, Health (ad/hea]</serName>
      <serInfo><![CDATA[The study documented here is part of a larger project and the baseline and endline surveys are not related to this evaluation. ]]></serInfo>
    </serStmt>
    <verStmt>
      <version date="2022-05-01">v01: Edited, anonymized dataset</version>
    </verStmt>
  </citation>
  <stdyInfo>
    <subject>
      <keyword>Medications theft</keyword>
      <keyword>Remote tracking</keyword>
      <keyword>Medicine </keyword>
      <keyword>Malawi</keyword>
    </subject>
    <abstract><![CDATA[Medicine theft is likely one of the leading causes of preventable disease in low income countries. In Malawi, where our evaluation takes place, Ministry of Health officials estimate that 29% of spending on medicines and medical supplies disappears due to theft alone (Mphande, 2017). Our survey work indicated that 75% of all communities in Malawi have experienced the theft of medical supplies (author surveys). Malawi is a particularly extreme outlier, but these estimates are not far off from estimates in other countries (Bate et al., 2010; Bouchard et al., 2012; Savedoff, 2007; Hope Sr, 2015; Ferrinho and Van Lerberghe, 2002; Lewis, 2006). Additionally, medicine theft costs governments and donors many millions each year between lost medications and spending on supplemental procurement procedures (Vian, 2006; Garc´ıa, 2019; Bruckner, 2019; Ferrinho and Van Lerberghe, 2002; Jones and Jing, 2011).

Documenting and mitigating procurement and corruption challenges is particularly vital amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. Estimates from previous health crises suggest that ineffective health service delivery explains much regional variation in mortality rates and subsequent poverty in poorly institutionalized health settings (Christensen et al., 2020; Maffioli, 2018). Moreover, the rapid expansion of global health aid has created opportunities for higher rates of theft and corruption (Schipani et al., 2020; Thorp, 2020; Gallego et al., 2020; Eze et al., 2022).

One goal of this research was to evaluate how advances in electronic tracking technology might improve the ability of health providers and researchers to measure patterns of medicine diversion and audit procurement networks, particularly in environments where procurement capacity and investment are low (Lewis, 2006; Bruckner, 2019). A second goal of this research was to experimentally identify the deterrent effect of procurement oversight.]]></abstract>
    <sumDscr>
      <collDate date="2022-03-01" event="start" cycle="Endline administrative"/>
      <collDate date="2022-04-30" event="end" cycle="Endline administrative"/>
      <nation abbr="MWI">Malawi</nation>
      <dataKind>Administrative records data [adm]</dataKind>
    </sumDscr>
    <notes><![CDATA[This study focuses on the use of remote tracking to detect and deter medications theft, with data on intended destination facilities and different types of medications. ]]></notes>
  </stdyInfo>
  <method>
    <dataColl>
      <sampProc><![CDATA[Details on sampling procedure for this project can be found in the "Using Remote Tracking to Detect and Deter Medications Theft in Malawi (P170615) World Bank Strategic Impact Evaluation Fund (SIEF) Final Report," available to download. ]]></sampProc>
      <collMode>Other [oth]</collMode>
      <resInstru><![CDATA[The dataset only includes administrative data, so no survey instrument was used for this study.]]></resInstru>
      <collSitu><![CDATA[Details on data collection for this project can be found in the "Using Remote Tracking to Detect and Deter Medications Theft in Malawi (P170615) World Bank Strategic Impact Evaluation Fund (SIEF) Final Report," available to download. ]]></collSitu>
    </dataColl>
  </method>
  <dataAccs>
    <setAvail>
      <accsPlac>World Bank Microdata Library</accsPlac>
    </setAvail>
    <useStmt>
      <confDec required="true"/>
      <contact affiliation="The World Bank" email="aholla@worldbank.org">Alaka Holla</contact>
      <contact affiliation="University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill" email="bseim@email.unc.edu">Brigitte Seim</contact>
      <contact affiliation="The World Bank" URI="https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/sief-trust-fund" email="siefimpact@worldbank.org">Strategic Impact Evaluation Fund</contact>
      <citReq><![CDATA[Use of the dataset must be acknowledged using a citation which would include:
•the identification of the Primary Investigator
•the title of the survey (including country, acronym and year of implementation)
•the survey reference number
•the source and date of download

Example:
Ryan Jablonski (London School of Economics and Political Science), Brigitte Seim (University of North Carolina, Chapel Hi), Mariana Carvalho (University of California, San Diego), and Clark Gibson (University of California, San Diego). Malawi - Using Remote Tracking to Detect and Deter Medications Theft, Impact Evaluation 2022. Ref: MWI_2022_URTDDMT-IE_v01_M. Dataset downloaded from [URL] on [date].
]]></citReq>
      <conditions><![CDATA[Licensed Access]]></conditions>
      <disclaimer><![CDATA[The user of the data acknowledges that the original collector of the data, the authorized distributor of the data, and the relevant funding agency bear no responsibility for use of the data or for interpretations or inferences based upon such uses.]]></disclaimer>
    </useStmt>
  </dataAccs>
</stdyDscr>
<fileDscr ID="F1">
  <fileTxt>
    <fileName>sentinel_file_anonymized_updated</fileName>
    <fileCont>This dataset includes the endline administrative data for this study. </fileCont>
    <dimensns>
      <caseQnty>2331</caseQnty>
      <varQnty>27</varQnty>
    </dimensns>
  </fileTxt>
</fileDscr>
<dataDscr>
<var ID="V1" name="fac_id" files="F1" intrvl="discrete">
  <varFormat type="character"/>
  <location width="9"/>
  <labl>Anonymized facility ID number for the intended destination facility</labl>
  <sumStat type="vald">2306</sumStat>
  <sumStat type="freq">74</sumStat>
</var>
<var ID="V2" name="scansticker" files="F1" intrvl="discrete">
  <varFormat type="character"/>
  <location width="9"/>
  <labl>SENTINEL identification sticker (SENXXXX)</labl>
  <sumStat type="vald">2306</sumStat>
  <sumStat type="freq">1</sumStat>
</var>
<var ID="V3" name="med_type" files="F1" intrvl="discrete">
  <varFormat type="character"/>
  <location width="47"/>
  <labl>Medication description</labl>
  <sumStat type="vald">2307</sumStat>
  <sumStat type="freq">760</sumStat>
</var>
<var ID="V4" name="med_type_amox" files="F1" intrvl="discrete">
  <varFormat type="character"/>
  <location width="9"/>
  <labl>Binary indicator variables for the different types of medicines...amox</labl>
  <sumStat type="vald">2307</sumStat>
  <sumStat type="freq">2223</sumStat>
</var>
<var ID="V5" name="med_type_asp" files="F1" intrvl="discrete">
  <varFormat type="character"/>
  <location width="9"/>
  <labl>Binary indicator variables for the different types of medicines...asp</labl>
  <sumStat type="vald">2307</sumStat>
  <sumStat type="freq">1917</sumStat>
</var>
<var ID="V6" name="med_type_ibu" files="F1" intrvl="discrete">
  <varFormat type="character"/>
  <location width="9"/>
  <labl>Binary indicator variables for the different types of medicines...ibu</labl>
  <sumStat type="vald">2307</sumStat>
  <sumStat type="freq">1547</sumStat>
</var>
<var ID="V7" name="med_type_methyd" files="F1" intrvl="discrete">
  <varFormat type="character"/>
  <location width="9"/>
  <labl>Binary indicator variables for the different types of medicines...methyd</labl>
  <sumStat type="vald">2307</sumStat>
  <sumStat type="freq">2307</sumStat>
</var>
<var ID="V8" name="med_type_parac" files="F1" intrvl="discrete">
  <varFormat type="character"/>
  <location width="9"/>
  <labl>Binary indicator variables for the different types of medicines...parac</labl>
  <sumStat type="vald">2307</sumStat>
  <sumStat type="freq">1798</sumStat>
</var>
<var ID="V9" name="med_type_pheno" files="F1" intrvl="discrete">
  <varFormat type="character"/>
  <location width="9"/>
  <labl>Binary indicator variables for the different types of medicines...pheno</labl>
  <sumStat type="vald">2307</sumStat>
  <sumStat type="freq">2143</sumStat>
</var>
<var ID="V10" name="med_type_ins" files="F1" intrvl="discrete">
  <varFormat type="character"/>
  <location width="9"/>
  <labl>Binary indicator variables for the different types of medicines...ins</labl>
  <sumStat type="vald">2307</sumStat>
  <sumStat type="freq">2307</sumStat>
</var>
<var ID="V11" name="med_type_inszinc" files="F1" intrvl="discrete">
  <varFormat type="character"/>
  <location width="9"/>
  <labl>Binary indicator variables for the different types of medicines...inszinc</labl>
  <sumStat type="vald">2307</sumStat>
  <sumStat type="freq">2304</sumStat>
</var>
<var ID="V12" name="med_type_syr" files="F1" intrvl="discrete">
  <varFormat type="character"/>
  <location width="9"/>
  <labl>Binary indicator variables for the different types of medicines...syr</labl>
  <sumStat type="vald">2307</sumStat>
  <sumStat type="freq">2139</sumStat>
</var>
<var ID="V13" name="med_type_syrluer" files="F1" intrvl="discrete">
  <varFormat type="character"/>
  <location width="9"/>
  <labl>Binary indicator variables for the different types of medicines...syrluer</labl>
  <sumStat type="vald">2307</sumStat>
  <sumStat type="freq">2078</sumStat>
</var>
<var ID="V14" name="med_type_insulin" files="F1" intrvl="discrete">
  <varFormat type="character"/>
  <location width="9"/>
  <labl>Binary indicator variables for the different types of medicines...insulin</labl>
  <sumStat type="vald">2307</sumStat>
  <sumStat type="freq">2304</sumStat>
</var>
<var ID="V15" name="med_type_syringe" files="F1" intrvl="discrete">
  <varFormat type="character"/>
  <location width="9"/>
  <labl>Binary indicator variables for the different types of medicines...syringe</labl>
  <sumStat type="vald">2307</sumStat>
  <sumStat type="freq">1910</sumStat>
</var>
<var ID="V16" name="med_type_pain" files="F1" intrvl="discrete">
  <varFormat type="character"/>
  <location width="9"/>
  <labl>Binary indicator variables for the different types of medicines...pain</labl>
  <sumStat type="vald">2307</sumStat>
  <sumStat type="freq">1659</sumStat>
</var>
<var ID="V17" name="med_type_gloves" files="F1" intrvl="discrete">
  <varFormat type="character"/>
  <location width="9"/>
  <labl>Binary indicator variables for the different types of medicines...gloves</labl>
  <sumStat type="vald">2331</sumStat>
  <sumStat type="freq">2256</sumStat>
</var>
<var ID="V18" name="med_code" files="F1" intrvl="discrete">
  <varFormat type="character"/>
  <location width="9"/>
  <labl>Medicine identification sticker that goes on the bottom of medicine boxes</labl>
  <sumStat type="vald">2307</sumStat>
  <sumStat type="freq">1</sumStat>
</var>
<var ID="V19" name="batch_number" files="F1" intrvl="discrete">
  <varFormat type="character"/>
  <location width="15"/>
  <labl>Medicine box batch number</labl>
  <sumStat type="vald">2306</sumStat>
  <sumStat type="freq">270</sumStat>
</var>
<var ID="V20" name="fac_district" files="F1" intrvl="discrete">
  <varFormat type="character"/>
  <location width="9"/>
  <labl>District of the intended destination facility</labl>
  <sumStat type="vald">2251</sumStat>
  <sumStat type="freq">509</sumStat>
</var>
<var ID="V21" name="fac_mga" files="F1" intrvl="discrete">
  <varFormat type="character"/>
  <location width="45"/>
  <labl>Management structure of the intended destination facility: CHAM, company,</labl>
  <sumStat type="vald">2038</sumStat>
  <sumStat type="freq">1983</sumStat>
</var>
<var ID="V22" name="fac_location" files="F1" intrvl="discrete">
  <varFormat type="character"/>
  <location width="9"/>
  <labl>Rural or urban location of the intended destination facility</labl>
  <sumStat type="vald">2038</sumStat>
  <sumStat type="freq">1505</sumStat>
</var>
<var ID="V23" name="last_delivery_sighting_sentry" files="F1" intrvl="discrete">
  <varFormat type="character"/>
  <location width="9"/>
  <labl>The ID number for the SENTRY that located the SENTINEL at its</labl>
  <sumStat type="vald">2300</sumStat>
  <sumStat type="freq">1188</sumStat>
</var>
<var ID="V24" name="nottrace_any_sighting" files="F1" intrvl="discrete">
  <varFormat type="character"/>
  <location width="9"/>
  <labl>Binary indicator for whether the SENTINEL was found during the</labl>
  <sumStat type="vald">1629</sumStat>
  <sumStat type="freq">883</sumStat>
</var>
<var ID="V25" name="missed_delivery" files="F1" intrvl="discrete">
  <varFormat type="character"/>
  <location width="9"/>
  <labl>Binary indicator for whether the SENTINEL was located at its intended</labl>
  <sumStat type="vald">2299</sumStat>
  <sumStat type="freq">2168</sumStat>
</var>
<var ID="V26" name="dist_cmst" files="F1" intrvl="discrete">
  <varFormat type="character"/>
  <location width="17"/>
  <labl>Distance from Central Medical Stores Trust warehouse in Blantyre in km</labl>
  <sumStat type="vald">2229</sumStat>
  <sumStat type="freq">79</sumStat>
</var>
<var ID="V27" name="treatment" files="F1" intrvl="discrete">
  <varFormat type="character"/>
  <location width="9"/>
  <labl>Binary indicator for whether the SENTINEL was in the box with a monitoring</labl>
  <sumStat type="vald">2307</sumStat>
  <sumStat type="freq">1220</sumStat>
</var>
</dataDscr></codeBook>
