| Author(s) |
Ministry of Health and Sports, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar The DHS Program, ICF, Rockville, Maryland, USA |
| Date |
2017-03-01 |
| Country |
Myanmar |
| Language |
English |
| Table of contents |
TABLES AND FIGURES .......................................................................................................................... vii
FOREWORD .............................................................................................................................................. xv
READING AND UNDERSTANDING THE 2015-16 MYANMAR DEMOGRAPHIC AND
HEALTH SURVEY (MDHS) .................................................................................................................. xvii
CONTRIBUTORS TO THE REPORT .................................................................................................. xxv
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................... xxvii
MAP OF MYANMAR .............................................................................................................................. xxx
1 INTRODUCTION AND SURVEY METHODOLOGY .............................................................. 1
1.1 Survey Objectives ................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 Sample Design ..................................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Questionnaires ..................................................................................................................... 2
1.4 Anthropometry, and Anemia Testing .................................................................................. 3
1.5 Training of Trainers and Pretest .......................................................................................... 3
1.6 Training of Field Staff ......................................................................................................... 4
1.7 Fieldwork ............................................................................................................................. 4
1.8 Data Processing ................................................................................................................... 5
1.9 Response Rates .................................................................................................................... 6
2 HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS AND HOUSEHOLD POPULATION ................................ 7
2.1 Drinking Water Sources and Treatment .............................................................................. 7
2.2 Sanitation ............................................................................................................................. 8
2.3 Exposure to Smoke inside the Home ................................................................................... 9
2.4 Household Wealth ............................................................................................................... 9
2.5 Hand Washing ................................................................................................................... 10
2.6 Household Population and Composition ........................................................................... 11
2.7 Birth Registration .............................................................................................................. 11
2.8 Children’s Living Arrangements and Parental Survival .................................................... 13
2.9 Education ........................................................................................................................... 13
2.9.1 Educational Attainment ....................................................................................... 13
2.9.2 School Attendance ............................................................................................... 14
3 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS ............................................................................. 27
3.1 Basic Characteristics of Survey Respondents .................................................................... 27
3.2 Education and Literacy ...................................................................................................... 28
3.3 Mass Media Exposure ....................................................................................................... 29
3.4 Employment ...................................................................................................................... 30
3.5 Occupation ......................................................................................................................... 31
3.6 Tobacco Use ...................................................................................................................... 32
3.7 Knowledge of Tuberculosis ............................................................................................... 33
4 MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTIVITY .................................................................................. 53
4.1 Marital Status ..................................................................................................................... 53
4.2 Polygyny ............................................................................................................................ 54
4.3 Age at First Marriage ......................................................................................................... 55
4.4 Age at First Sexual Intercourse ......................................................................................... 55
4.5 Recent Sexual Activity ...................................................................................................... 56
5 FERTILITY ................................................................................................................................... 67
5.1 Current Fertility ................................................................................................................. 67
5.2 Children Ever Born and Living ......................................................................................... 69
5.3 Birth Intervals .................................................................................................................... 69
5.4 Insusceptibility to Pregnancy ............................................................................................. 70
5.5 Age at First Birth ............................................................................................................... 70
5.6 Teenage Childbearing ........................................................................................................ 71
6 FERTILITY PREFERENCES ..................................................................................................... 79
6.1 Desire for Another Child ................................................................................................... 79
6.2 Ideal Family Size ............................................................................................................... 80
6.3 Fertility Planning Status .................................................................................................... 81
6.4 Wanted Fertility Rates ....................................................................................................... 82
7 FAMILY PLANNING .................................................................................................................. 89
7.1 Contraceptive Knowledge and Use ................................................................................... 89
7.2 Timing of Female Sterilization .......................................................................................... 91
7.3 Source of Modern Contraceptive Methods ........................................................................ 92
7.4 Social Marketing Brands ................................................................................................... 92
7.5 Informed Choice ................................................................................................................ 92
7.6 Discontinuation of Contraceptives .................................................................................... 93
7.7 Demand for Family Planning ............................................................................................ 93
7.8 Contact of Nonusers with Family Planning Providers ....................................................... 95
8 INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY ...................................................................................... 111
8.1 Early Childhood Mortality ............................................................................................... 112
8.2 Biodemographic Risk Factors ......................................................................................... 113
8.3 Perinatal Mortality ........................................................................................................... 114
9 MATERNAL HEALTH CARE ................................................................................................. 121
9.1 Antenatal Care Coverage and Content ............................................................................ 122
9.1.1 Skilled Providers ................................................................................................ 122
9.1.2 Timing and Number of ANC Visits ................................................................... 122
9.2 Components of ANC Visits ............................................................................................. 123
9.3 Protection against Neonatal Tetanus ............................................................................... 123
9.4 Delivery Services ............................................................................................................. 124
9.4.1 Institutional Deliveries ....................................................................................... 124
9.4.2 Skilled Assistance during Delivery .................................................................... 125
9.4.3 Delivery by Caesarean ....................................................................................... 126
9.5 Postnatal Care .................................................................................................................. 126
9.5.1 Postnatal Health Check for Mothers .................................................................. 126
9.5.2 Postnatal Health Checks for Newborns ............................................................. 127
9.6 Problems in Accessing Health Care ................................................................................ 127
10 CHILD HEALTH ........................................................................................................................ 141
10.1 Birth Weight .................................................................................................................... 141
10.2 Vaccination of Children ................................................................................................... 142
10.3 Symptoms of Acute Respiratory Infection ...................................................................... 144
10.4 Fever ................................................................................................................................ 145
10.5 Diarrheal Disease ............................................................................................................. 145
10.5.1 Prevalence of Diarrhea ....................................................................................... 145
10.5.2 Treatment of Diarrhea ........................................................................................ 146
10.5.3 Feeding Practices ............................................................................................... 147
10.5.4 Knowledge of ORS Packets ............................................................................... 147
10.6 Knowledge regarding Treatment of Childhood Illnesses ................................................ 148
10.7 Disposal of Children’s Stools .......................................................................................... 148
11 NUTRITION OF CHILDREN AND WOMEN ........................................................................ 161
11.1 Nutritional Status of Children .......................................................................................... 161
11.1.1 Measurement of Nutritional Status among Young Children .............................. 161
11.1.2 Data Collection .................................................................................................. 163
11.1.3 Levels of Child Malnutrition ............................................................................. 163
11.2 Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices ...................................................................... 164
11.2.1 Breastfeeding ..................................................................................................... 164
11.2.2 Exclusive Breastfeeding ..................................................................................... 165
11.2.3 Median Duration of Breastfeeding ..................................................................... 166
11.2.4 Complementary Feeding .................................................................................... 166
11.2.5 Minimum Acceptable Diet ................................................................................. 167
11.3 Anemia Prevalence in Children ....................................................................................... 168
11.4 Micronutrient Intake and Supplementation among Children........................................... 169
11.5 Presence of Iodized Salt in Households ........................................................................... 170
11.6 Nutritional Status of Women ........................................................................................... 170
11.7 Anemia Prevalence in Women ........................................................................................ 171
11.8 Micronutrient Intake among Mothers .............................................................................. 172
12 MALARIA ................................................................................................................................... 189
12.1 Ownership of Insecticide-Treated Nets ........................................................................... 190
12.2 Household Access to and Use of ITNs ............................................................................ 191
12.3 Use of ITNs by Children and Pregnant Women .............................................................. 192
12.4 Case Management of Malaria in Children ....................................................................... 193
12.5 Prevalence of Low Hemoglobin in Children ................................................................... 194
13 HIV/AIDS-RELATED KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND BEHAVIOR .......................... 205
13.1 HIV/AIDS Knowledge, Transmission, and Prevention Methods .................................... 205
13.2 Knowledge about Mother-to-Child Transmission ........................................................... 207
13.3 HIV/AIDS Attitudes ........................................................................................................ 207
13.3.1 Attitudes toward People Living with HIV/AIDS ............................................... 207
13.3.2 Attitudes toward Negotiating Safer Sexual Relations with Husbands ............... 208
13.3.3 Attitudes toward Condom Education for Young People .................................... 209
13.4 Paid Sex ........................................................................................................................... 209
13.5 Coverage of HIV Testing Services .................................................................................. 209
13.5.1 Awareness of HIV Testing Services and Experience with HIV Testing ........... 209
13.5.2 HIV Testing of Pregnant Women ...................................................................... 211
13.6 Male Circumcision .......................................................................................................... 211
13.7 Self-reporting of Sexually Transmitted Infections .......................................................... 211
13.8 Injections ......................................................................................................................... 212
13.9 HIV/AIDS-related Knowledge and Behavior among Young People .............................. 212
13.9.1 Knowledge ......................................................................................................... 212
13.9.2 First Sex ............................................................................................................. 213
13.9.3 Coverage of HIV Testing Services .................................................................... 213
14 ADULT AND MATERNAL MORTALITY ............................................................................. 235
14.1 Data ................................................................................................................................. 235
14.2 Direct Estimates of Adult Mortality ................................................................................ 236
14.3 Direct Estimates of Pregnancy-related Mortality ............................................................ 237
15 WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT ................................................................................................ 241
15.1 Married Women’s and Men’s Employment .................................................................... 242
15.2 Control over Women’s Earnings ..................................................................................... 242
15.3 Control over Men’s Earnings .......................................................................................... 243
15.4 Women’s and Men’s Ownership of Assets ..................................................................... 243
15.5 Women’s Participation in Decision Making .................................................................... 244
15.6 Attitudes toward Wife Beating ........................................................................................ 245
15.7 Women’s Empowerment and Demographic and Health Outcomes ................................ 246
16 DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ........................................................................................................... 261
16.1 Measurement of Violence ................................................................................................ 261
16.2 Experience of Physical Violence from Anyone ............................................................... 262
16.2.1 Prevalence of Physical Violence ........................................................................ 262
16.2.2 Perpetrators of Physical Violence ...................................................................... 263
16.3 Experience of Sexual Violence ........................................................................................ 264
16.3.1 Prevalence of Sexual Violence .......................................................................... 264
16.3.2 Perpetrators of Sexual Violence ......................................................................... 264
16.4 Experience of Different Forms of Violence .................................................................... 264
16.5 Marital Control ................................................................................................................ 265
16.6 Spousal Violence ............................................................................................................. 265
16.6.1 Prevalence of Spousal Violence ......................................................................... 265
16.6.2 Onset of Spousal Violence ................................................................................. 267
16.7 Injuries due to Spousal Violence ..................................................................................... 267
16.8 Violence Initiated by Women against Husbands ............................................................. 268
16.9 Response to Violence ...................................................................................................... 268
16.9.1 Help-seeking Behavior to Stop the Violence ..................................................... 268
16.9.2 Sources for Help ................................................................................................ 269
17 EARLY CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND CHILD DISCIPLINE ........................................... 285
17.1 Early Childhood Education ............................................................................................. 285
17.2 Childhood Learning ......................................................................................................... 286
17.2.1 Support for Learning .......................................................................................... 286
17.2.2 Children’s Books and Playthings ....................................................................... 287
17.3 Adequate Care for Young Children ................................................................................. 288
17.4 Child Discipline ............................................................................................................... 289
17.4.1 Prevalence of Disciplinary Approaches ............................................................. 289
17.4.2 Disciplinary Approaches by Background Characteristics .................................. 290
REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................................... 297
APPENDIX A SAMPLE DESIGN ........................................................................................................ 299
A.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 299
A.2 Sample Frame .................................................................................................................. 299
A.3 Sample Design and Implementation ................................................................................ 301
A.4 Sample Probabilities and Sampling Weights ................................................................... 302
APPENDIX B ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS ................................................................... 307
APPENDIX C DATA QUALITY TABLES ......................................................................................... 329
APPENDIX D QUESTIONNAIRES ..................................................................................................... 335 |
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