| Author(s) |
Ghana Statistical Service, Accra, Ghana Ministry of Health, Accra, Ghana The DHS Program, ICF, Rockville, Maryland, USA |
| Date |
2018-08-01 |
| Country |
Ghana |
| Language |
English |
| Table of contents |
TABLES AND FIGURES .................................................................................................................................. vii
FOREWORD ..................................................................................................................................................... xiii
ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................................................. xv
READING AND UNDERSTANDING TABLES FROM THE 2017 GMHS .............................................. xvii
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL INDICATORS ......................................................................... xxv
MAP OF GHANA ............................................................................................................................................ xxvi
1 INTRODUCTION AND SURVEY METHODOLOGY ..................................................................... 1
1.1 Survey Objectives ...................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Sample Design ........................................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Questionnaires ............................................................................................................................ 3
1.4 Listing and Pretest ...................................................................................................................... 4
1.5 Training of Field Staff ................................................................................................................ 5
1.6 Fieldwork ................................................................................................................................... 5
1.7 Verbal Autopsy Cause of Death Training and Coding ............................................................... 5
1.8 Data Processing .......................................................................................................................... 6
1.9 Response Rates .......................................................................................................................... 6
2 CHARACTERISTICS OF HOUSEHOLDS, HOUSEHOLD POPULATION, AND RESPONDENTS .... 7
2.1 Drinking Water Sources and Treatment ..................................................................................... 7
2.2 Sanitation ................................................................................................................................... 8
2.3 Other Household Characteristics ................................................................................................ 9
2.4 Household Wealth ...................................................................................................................... 9
2.5 Household Population and Composition .................................................................................. 10
2.6 Basic Characteristics of Survey Respondents .......................................................................... 10
2.7 Disability .................................................................................................................................. 11
2.8 Education and Literacy ............................................................................................................ 11
2.9 Mass Media Exposure .............................................................................................................. 13
2.10 Bank Accounts, Mobile Phones, and Internet Usage ............................................................... 13
2.11 Health Insurance Registration and Coverage ........................................................................... 14
3 MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTIVITY .......................................................................................... 29
3.1 Marital Status ........................................................................................................................... 29
3.2 Polygyny .................................................................................................................................. 30
3.3 Age at First Marriage ............................................................................................................... 30
3.4 Age at First Sexual Intercourse ................................................................................................ 31
3.5 Recent Sexual Activity ............................................................................................................. 32
4 FERTILITY AND FAMILY PLANNING ......................................................................................... 37
4.1 Current Fertility ....................................................................................................................... 38
4.2 Children Ever Born and Living ................................................................................................ 39
4.3 Birth Intervals .......................................................................................................................... 39
4.4 Age at First Birth ..................................................................................................................... 40
4.5 Teenage Childbearing .............................................................................................................. 40
4.6 Contraceptive Knowledge and Use .......................................................................................... 41
5 MATERNAL HEALTH CARE .......................................................................................................... 57
5.1 Antenatal Care Coverage and Content ..................................................................................... 58
5.1.1 Skilled Providers ........................................................................................................ 58
5.1.2 Timing and Number of ANC Visits ........................................................................... 59
5.2 Components of ANC Visits ..................................................................................................... 59
5.3 Protection against Neonatal Tetanus ........................................................................................ 60
5.4 Delivery Services ..................................................................................................................... 61
5.4.1 Institutional Deliveries ............................................................................................... 61
5.4.2 Skilled Assistance during Delivery ............................................................................ 62
5.4.3 Delivery by Caesarean and Other Interventions ........................................................ 62
5.4.4 Problems during Delivery .......................................................................................... 63
5.5 Postnatal Care .......................................................................................................................... 63
5.5.1 Postnatal Health Check for Mothers .......................................................................... 63
5.5.2 Postnatal Health Check for Newborns ....................................................................... 64
5.6 Combinations of Maternal Care ............................................................................................... 65
5.7 Problems in Accessing Health Care ......................................................................................... 65
6 INDUCED ABORTION AND MISCARRIAGE ............................................................................... 87
6.1 Pregnancy Outcomes................................................................................................................ 87
6.2 Induced Abortions .................................................................................................................... 88
6.2.1 Main Reason for Induced Abortion ........................................................................... 88
6.2.2 Methods to Induce Abortion ...................................................................................... 89
6.2.3 Assistance for and Location of Induced Abortion ..................................................... 90
6.2.4 Contraceptive Use and Induced Abortion .................................................................. 91
6.3 Induced Abortion Knowledge and Access ............................................................................... 91
6.4 Legality of Induced Abortion ................................................................................................... 92
6.5 Miscarriage .............................................................................................................................. 92
6.5.1 Help Seeking after Miscarriage ................................................................................. 92
6.5.2 Contraceptive Use and Miscarriage ........................................................................... 93
7 INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY ............................................................................................. 109
7.1 Infant and Child Mortality ..................................................................................................... 110
7.2 Biodemographic and Sociodemographic Risk Factors........................................................... 110
7.3 Perinatal Mortality ................................................................................................................. 111
7.4 High-Risk Fertility Behaviour................................................................................................ 112
8 ADULT AND MATERNAL MORTALITY .................................................................................... 117
8.1 Data ........................................................................................................................................ 117
8.2 Direct Estimates of Adult Mortality ....................................................................................... 118
8.3 Trends in Adult Mortality ...................................................................................................... 119
8.4 Direct Estimates of Maternal Mortality ................................................................................. 119
8.5 Trends in Pregnancy-Related Mortality ................................................................................. 121
9 CAUSES OF DEATH ........................................................................................................................ 127
9.1 Verbal Autopsy Questionnaire ............................................................................................... 127
9.2 Verbal Autopsy Fieldwork ..................................................................................................... 127
9.3 Cause of Death Certification and ICD-10 Coding ................................................................. 128
9.4 Limitations ............................................................................................................................. 129
9.5 Characteristics of Deceased Women ...................................................................................... 130
9.6 Cause-Specific Mortality ....................................................................................................... 131
9.7 Maternal Causes of Death ...................................................................................................... 131
9.8 Deceased Women and Health Care ........................................................................................ 133
9.8.1 Treatment Seeking for Deceased Women ................................................................ 133
9.8.2 Sources of Care for Deceased Women .................................................................... 134
9.8.3 Visits to Health Facilities before Death ................................................................... 135
9.8.4 Logistical and Financial Issues ................................................................................ 135
9.9 Death Certificates and Burial Permits .................................................................................... 136
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................. 145
APPENDIX A SAMPLE DESIGN ............................................................................................................... 147
A.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 147
A.2 Sampling Frame ..................................................................................................................... 147
A.3 Sample design and the Sampling Procedure .......................................................................... 148
A.4 Selection Probability and Sampling Weight .......................................................................... 150
A.5 Survey Implementation Results ............................................................................................. 152
APPENDIX B ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS .......................................................................... 153
APPENDIX C DATA QUALITY TABLES ................................................................................................ 173
APPENDIX D PARTICIPANTS IN THE 2017 GHANA MATERNAL HEALTH SURVEY ............... 177
APPENDIX E TABULATION OF INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASE (ICD) 10 OBSTETRIC CODES 183
APPENDIX F QUESTIONNAIRES ........................................................................................................... 187
Household Questionnaire ..................................................................................................................... 189
Woman’s Questionnaire ....................................................................................................................... 199
Verbal Autopsy Questionnaire ............................................................................................................. 249
Fieldworker Questionnaire ................................................................................................................... 289 |
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