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Technology Sophistication Across Establishments

Bangladesh, Brazil, Burkina Faso...and 12 more, 2019 - 2023
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Reference ID
WLD_2019-2023_FAT_v01_M
Producer(s)
Xavier Cirera, Diego Comin, Marcio Cruz
Collection(s)
The Firm Adoption of Technology (FAT) Survey
Metadata
Documentation in PDF DDI/XML JSON
Created on
Feb 19, 2026
Last modified
Mar 05, 2026
Page views
4610
Downloads
72

Data file: fat0_raw_data_qje

Firm-level Adoption of Technology (FAT) dataset: This is the main microdata with the variables from the Firm-level Adoption of Technology (FAT) survey used in the paper - Technology Sophistication Across Establishments.

Cases: 21055
Variables: 723

Variables

dc6_4b3
Adopted - Compression/encapsulation - Automated
dc6_4b4
Adopted - Compression/encapsulation - Integrated
dc6_5b1
Adopted - Quality control - Manual, titrimetric/chromatographic
dc6_5b2
Adopted - Quality control - Elec. chromatography
dc6_5b3
Adopted - Quality control - Elec. chromatography w data acquisition
dc6_6b1
Adopted - Packaging - Manual filling pills or syrups
dc6_6b2
Adopted - Packaging - Slat Counters, Cottoners, etc; machine filling
dc6_6b3
Adopted - Packaging - Automated, integrated packaging lines
dc7_1b1
Adopted - Cust. serv. - Store
dc7_1b2
Adopted - Cust. serv. - Phone or Help Desk
dc7_1b3
Adopted - Cust. serv. - Social Media
dc7_1b4
Adopted - Cust. serv. - Online requests
dc7_1b5
Adopted - Cust. serv. - Chatbots
dc7_2b1
Adopted - Pricing - Manual Cost
dc7_2b2
Adopted - Pricing - Automated markup
dc7_2b3
Adopted - Pricing - Automated promotional
dc7_2b4
Adopted - Pricing - Dynamic pricing systems
dc7_2b5
Adopted - Pricing - Personalized pricing (predictive analytics)
dc7_3b1
Adopted - Merchandising - Manually selection
dc7_3b2
Adopted - Merchandising - Category mgt.
dc7_3b3
Adopted - Merchandising - Retail Merch. Systems or Digital Merch.
dc7_3b4
Adopted - Merchandising - Product trend analytics
dc7_4b1
Adopted - Inventory - Handwritten record keeping
dc7_4b2
Adopted - Inventory - Computer databases (manual updates)
dc7_4b3
Adopted - Inventory - WMS (specialised software)
dc7_4b4
Adopted - Inventory - CAO, vendor-managed, and/or radio-frequency identification
dc7_4b5
Adopted - Inventory - AS/RS
dc7_5b1
Adopted - Ad channels - Paper based communication
dc7_5b2
Adopted - Ad channels - Radio, Billboards, TV
dc7_5b3
Adopted - Ad channels - Email or mobile phone
dc7_5b4
Adopted - Ad channels - Social Media
dc7_5b5
Adopted - Ad channels - Search Engine Marketing
dc7_5b6
Adopted - Ad channels - Big data Analytics or AI
dc8_1b1
Adopted - Cust. serv. - Teller
dc8_1b2
Adopted - Cust. serv. - ATM machines
dc8_1b3
Adopted - Cust. serv. - On-line on company website
dc8_1b4
Adopted - Cust. serv. - Mobile app
dc8_2b1
Adopted - Verification id - Teller
dc8_2b2
Adopted - Verification id - online passwords
dc8_2b3
Adopted - Verification id - online passwords (combined)
dc8_2b4
Adopted - Verification id - Digital auth.
dc8_2b5
Adopted - Verification id - Biometrics
dc8_2b6
Adopted - Verification id - Blockchain
dc8_3b1
Adopted - Loan app - Loan officer (paper-based)
dc8_3b2
Adopted - Loan app - Mobile app + paper
dc8_3b3
Adopted - Loan app - Channel partners
dc8_4b1
Adopted - Credit approvals - Analyst (paper-based)
dc8_4b2
Adopted - Credit approvals - Analyst (digital info)
dc8_4b3
Adopted - Credit approvals - Automated
dc8_4b4
Adopted - Credit approvals - Algorithm (AI or Big-Data)
dc8_5b1
Adopted - Op. supp. - writing records
dc8_5b2
Adopted - Op. supp. - dig. accounting (PCs)
dc8_5b3
Adopted - Op. supp. - dig. network
dc9_1b1
Adopted - Transportation planning - handwritten info.
dc9_1b2
Adopted - Transportation planning - electronic file share
dc9_1b3
Adopted - Transportation planning - installed software
dc9_1b4
Adopted - Transportation planning - real time info. with ERP
dc9_2b1
Adopted - Loading - Manual process (fax, text, phone)
dc9_2b2
Adopted - Loading - Manual process (dig. platforms)
dc9_2b3
Adopted - Loading - web-based
dc9_2b4
Adopted - Loading - specific software interface via Internet
dc9_2b5
Adopted - Loading - file exchange (ERP integrated apps)
dc9_3b1
Adopted - Monitoring load/delivery - Event driven (fax, text, phone calls)
dc9_3b2
Adopted - Monitoring load/delivery - Event driven (digital)
dc9_3b3
Adopted - Monitoring load/delivery - Paper documentation
dc9_3b4
Adopted - Monitoring load/delivery - installed softwares
dc9_3b5
Adopted - Monitoring load/delivery - ERP integrated apps
dc9_4b1
Adopted - Transp. perf. - manually
dc9_4b2
Adopted - Transp. perf. - computer (non-specialized software)
dc9_4b3
Adopted - Transp. perf. - computer (specialised transp. reporting)
dc9_4b4
Adopted - Transp. perf. - installed software
dc9_4b5
Adopted - Transp. perf. - file exchange between ERP integrated
dc9_5b1
Adopted - Fleet management - manual
dc9_5b2
Adopted - Fleet management - electronic file
dc9_5b3
Adopted - Fleet management - ETM
dc9_5b4
Adopted - Fleet management - ERP and software
dc10_1a1
Adopted - Hosp. facilities - ER
dc10_1a2
Adopted - Hosp. facilities - Postoperative care area
dc10_1a3
Adopted - Hosp. facilities - ICU
dc10_1a4
Adopted - Hosp. facilities - Blood Bank
dc10_1a5
Adopted - Hosp. facilities - Testing labs
dc10_1a6
Adopted - Hosp. facilities - X-ray
dc10_1a7
Adopted - Hosp. facilities - ultrasound machine
dc10_1a8
Adopted - Hosp. facilities - CT scan
dc10_1a9
Adopted - Hosp. facilities - MRI machine
dc10_1a11
Adopted - Hosp. facilities - Pulse oximetry
dc10_1a10
Adopted - Hosp. facilities - ultrasound machine
dc10_2b1
Adopted - Scheduling - Personal visit and paper
dc10_2b2
Adopted - Scheduling - Phone call, SMS, or Email
dc10_2b3
Adopted - Scheduling - Software or app (w/o automated reminders)
dc10_2b4
Adopted - Scheduling - Software or app (w automated reminders)
dc10_3b1
Adopted - Patient records - Handwritten process
dc10_3b2
Adopted - Patient records - Digital patient records
dc10_3b3
Adopted - Patient records - EHR
dc10_3b4
Adopted - Patient records - Cloud-based HER
dc10_4c1
Adopted - Med. mgt./admin. - Handwritten
dc10_4c2
Adopted - Med. mgt./admin. - Barcode/electronic id
dc10_5a1
Always available- Sepsis treat. - antibiotics
dc10_5a2
Always available- Sepsis treat. - adv. therapies
dc10_5a3
Always available- Childbirth - C-section
dc10_5a4
Always available- Childbirth - High-risk labor
dc10_5a5
Always available- Trauma - Traction (closed fracture)
dc10_5a6
Always available- Trauma - Open Treatment of Fracture
dc10_5a7
Always available- Myocardial infarction/Strokes - defibrillation
dc10_5a8
Always available- Myocardial infarction/Strokes - angiography
dc11_1b1
Adopted - Design - Manual
dc11_1b2
Adopted - Design - Digital or semi-digital
dc11_1b3
Adopted - Design - CAD, 3D, or virtual
dc11_2b1
Adopted - Cutting - Manual
dc11_2b2
Adopted - Cutting - Machine manually-operated
dc11_2b3
Adopted - Cutting - Semi-automatic machine
dc11_2b4
Adopted - Cutting - Automatic/Computerised (no Laser)
dc11_2b5
Adopted - Cutting - Automatic/Computerised (Laser)
dc11_3b1
Adopted - Sewing - Manually
dc11_3b2
Adopted - Sewing - Machine (manually)
dc11_3b3
Adopted - Sewing - Machine (semi-automated)
dc11_3b4
Adopted - Sewing - Machine (automated)
dc11_3b5
Adopted - Sewing - 3D Knitting
dc11_4b1
Adopted - Assembly/Finishing - manual
dc11_4b2
Adopted - Assembly/Finishing - conveyor/assembly (static/semi-automated)
dc11_4b3
Adopted - Assembly/Finishing - conveyor/assembly (dynamic/automated)
dc11_4b4
Adopted - Assembly/Finishing - injection machine
dc11_4b5
Adopted - Assembly/Finishing - 3D printing
dc12_1b1
Adopted - Reservations - handwritten
dc12_1b2
Adopted - Reservations - digital (std software)
dc12_1b3
Adopted - Reservations - dedicated
dc12_1b4
Adopted - Reservations - PMS
dc12_1b5
Adopted - Reservations - cloud-based
dc12_2b1
Adopted - Accom Pricing - manual cost
dc12_2b2
Adopted - Accom Pricing - automated markup
dc12_2b3
Adopted - Accom Pricing - automated promotional
dc12_2b4
Adopted - Accom Pricing - dynamic pricing
dc12_2b5
Adopted - Accom Pricing - personalised pricing
dc12_3b1
Adopted - Housekeeping - handwritten
dc12_3b2
Adopted - Housekeeping - digital (std. software)
dc12_3b3
Adopted - Housekeeping - dedicated
dc12_3b4
Adopted - Housekeeping - PMS
dc12_3b5
Adopted - Housekeeping - cloud-based
dc12_4b1
Adopted - Laundry - manual
dc12_4b2
Adopted - Laundry - domestic
dc12_4b3
Adopted - Laundry - industrial (w automatic sheet fold)
dc12_4b4
Adopted - Laundry - industrial (w/o automatic sheet fold)
dc12_5b1
Adopted - PoS - handwritten
dc12_5b2
Adopted - PoS - digital records
dc12_5b3
Adopted - PoS - specialised software
dc12_5b4
Adopted - PoS - PMS
dc12_5b5
Adopted - PoS - cloud-based
ib8b1
Most used - Business Administration - Handwritten Processes
ib8b2
Most used - Business Administration - Computers (standard softwares)
ib8b3
Most used - Business Administration - Mobile Apps or Digital Platform
ib8b4
Most used - Business Administration - Computers (specialised softwares)
ib8b5
Most used - Business Administration - ERP
ib9b1
Most used - Production Planning - Handwritten processes
ib9b2
Most used - Production Planning - Computers (standard softwares)
ib9b3
Most used - Production Planning - Mobile Apps or digital platforms
ib9b4
Most used - Production Planning - Specialized software
ib9b5
Most used - Production Planning - ERP
ib10a1
Most used - Suppliers - manual search
ib10a2
Most used - Suppliers - management of supply chain info
ib10a3
Most used - Suppliers - online social media
ib10a4
Most used - Suppliers - SRM (not integrated w prod planning)
ib10a5
Most used - Suppliers - SRM (integrated w prod planning)
ib11b1
Most used - Marketing - Face to Face Chat
ib11b2
Most used - Marketing - Online Chat
ib11b3
Most used - Marketing - Structured Surveys
ib11b4
Most used - Marketing - CRM
ib11b5
Most used - Marketing - Big Data Analytics
ib13c1
Most used - Sales - Establishment Premises
ib13c2
Most used - Sales - Phone, email or sales representatives
ib13c3
Most used - Sales - Social media platforms/apps
ib13c4
Most used - Sales - Online Sales (ext. dig. platforms)
ib13c5
Most used - Sales - Online Sales (own website)
ib13c6
Most used - Sales - Electronic orders
ib14b1
Most used - Payment - goods exchange
ib14b2
Most used - Payment - cash
ib14b3
Most used - Payment - Cheque, voucher, bank wire
ib14b4
Most used - Payment - Cards
ib14b5
Most used - Payment - Online/electronic
ib14b6
Most used - Payment - Online (platforms)
ib14b7
Most used - Payment - Cryptocurrency
ib15b1
Most used - Quality Control - Manual, Visual or Written
ib15b2
Most used - Quality Control - Human Inspection
ib15b3
Most used - Quality Control - Statistical Control
ib15b4
Most used - Quality Control - Automated
ib12b1
Most used - Fabrication - Manual
ib12b2
Most used - Fabrication - Machines w/o computer
ib12b3
Most used - Fabrication - Computer
ib12b4
Most used - Fabrication - Robots
ib12b5
Most used - Fabrication - Additive manufacturing
ib12b6
Most used - Fabrication - Other Adv. Processes
ic1_1c1
Most used - Land prep - Manual plowing (simple tools)
ic1_1c2
Most used - Land prep - Animal Aided
ic1_1c3
Most used - Land prep - Manually operated machines
ic1_1c4
Most used - Land prep - Digitally operated tractors or equipment
ic1_2c1
Most used - Irrig.- Rain-fed, no additional irrig.
ic1_2c2
Most used - Irrig. - Manual irrig.
ic1_2c3
Most used - Irrig. - Surface Flood Irrig.
ic1_2c4
Most used - Irrig. - Small Pump
ic1_2c5
Most used - Irrig. - Drip, localized, underground, Sprinkler, centre pivot
ic1_2c6
Most used - Irrig. - Automated
ic1_3c1
Most used - Weeding/pest control - Manual application
ic1_3c2
Most used - Weeding/pest control - Mechanical application
ic1_3c3
Most used - Weeding/pest control - Biological methods
ic1_3c4
Most used - Weeding/pest control - Precision agriculture
ic1_3c5
Most used - Weeding/pest control - Advanced precision agriculture
ic1_4c1
Most used - Harvesting, training, or pruning - Manual
ic1_4c2
Most used - Harvesting, training, or pruning - Animal Aided
ic1_4c3
Most used - Harvesting, training, or pruning - Human-operated machines
ic1_4c4
Most used - Harvesting, training, or pruning - Manually mechanised
ic1_4c5
Most used - Harvesting, training, or pruning - Digitally automated
ic1_5c1
Most used - Storage facility - Precarious
ic1_5c2
Most used - Storage facility - Protected (w/o temp. control)
ic1_5c3
Most used - Storage facility - Special Storage (temp. control)
ic1_5c4
Most used - Storage facility - High-end central storage
ic1_5c5
Most used - Storage facility - Cont. temp. monitoring
ic1_6c1
Most used - Packing - Manual
ic1_6c2
Most used - Packing - Human-operated mech. equip.
ic1_6c3
Most used - Packing - Automated
ic1_6c4
Most used - Packing - Modified atmosphere
ic2_1c1
Most used - Breeding/genetic - Breed substitution
ic2_1c2
Most used - Breeding/genetic - Inbreeding or Crossbreeding
ic2_1c3
Most used - Breeding/genetic - Artificial insemination (AI)
ic2_1c4
Most used - Breeding/genetic - Selective breeding
ic2_2c1
Most used - Animal nutrition - Household waste or fibrous crop residues
ic2_2c2
Most used - Animal nutrition - Natural grasslands and pastures
ic2_2c3
Most used - Animal nutrition - Integrated crop-livestock systems
ic2_2c4
Most used - Animal nutrition - Production of forage crops
ic2_2c5
Most used - Animal nutrition - Production of supplementary feed
ic2_2c6
Most used - Animal nutrition - Manu. or mixing of feed
ic2_2c7
Most used - Animal nutrition - Prod. of genetically-modified feed
ic2_3c1
Most used - Animal healthcare - Rapid diagnostic tests
ic2_3c2
Most used - Animal healthcare - Pest sprays
ic2_3c3
Most used - Animal healthcare - Vaccines
ic2_3c4
Most used - Animal healthcare - DNA or RNA vaccine
ic2_3c5
Most used - Animal healthcare - Disease med.
ic2_4c1
Most used - Herd mgt/monitoring - Human
ic2_4c2
Most used - Herd mgt/monitoring - Animal-aided
ic2_4c3
Most used - Herd mgt/monitoring - Feedlots or grazing
ic2_4c4
Most used - Herd mgt/monitoring - Automated cameras/video
ic2_4c5
Most used - Herd mgt/monitoring - Unmanned aerial
ic2_4c6
Most used - Herd mgt/monitoring - Analog tracking
ic2_4c7
Most used - Herd mgt/monitoring - Digital tracking
ic2_5c1
Most used - Transp. livestock - Manual
ic2_5c2
Most used - Transp. livestock - Non-motorized vehicles
ic2_5c3
Most used - Transp. livestock - Motorized vehicles
ic2_5c4
Most used - Transp. livestock - Specialized/climate-controlled vehicles
ic3_1c1
Most used - Input testing - Sensory
ic3_1c2
Most used - Input testing - Review of supplier testing
ic3_1c3
Most used - Input testing - Non-computer-controlled
ic3_1c4
Most used - Input testing - Computer testing
ic3_2c1
Most used - Food prep. - Manual
ic3_2c2
Most used - Food prep. - Mech. equipment (human force)
ic3_2c3
Most used - Food prep. - Power equipment (human interaction)
ic3_2c4
Most used - Food prep. - Power equipment (computers or robotics, minimal int.)
ic3_3c1
Most used - Anti-bacterial - Minimal-processing preservation
ic3_3c2
Most used - Anti-bacterial - Anti-bacterial wash or soaking
ic3_3c3
Most used - Anti-bacterial - Thermal Processing
ic3_3c4
Most used - Anti-bacterial - Other adv. methods
ic3_4c1
Most used - Food pkg. - Manual
ic3_4c2
Most used - Food pkg. - Human-operated mech. equip.
ic3_4c3
Most used - Food pkg. - Power equip. (human interaction)
ic3_4c4
Most used - Food pkg. - Power equip. (comp./robotics, min. human int.)
ic3_5c1
Most used - Food storage - Minimal protection (some exposure)
ic3_5c2
Most used - Food storage - Ambient conditions (closed building)
ic3_5c3
Most used - Food storage - Some climate control (secured building)
ic3_5c4
Most used - Food storage - Automated climate (security-controlled building)
ic4_1c1
Most used - Design drawing - Manual/hand-draw
ic4_1c2
Most used - Design drawing - Digital/semi-digital design
ic4_1c3
Most used - Design drawing - CAD
ic4_2c1
Most used - Cutting - Manual cutting
ic4_2c2
Most used - Cutting - Cutting machine (manually operated)
ic4_2c3
Most used - Cutting - Semi-Automatic cutting machine
ic4_2c4
Most used - Cutting - Automatic/Computerized cutting machine (no Laser)
ic4_2c5
Most used - Cutting - Automatic/Computerized cutting machine (Laser)
ic4_3c1
Most used - Sewing - Manually
ic4_3c2
Most used - Sewing - Machine (manually operated)
ic4_3c3
Most used - Sewing - Semi-automated machines
ic4_3c4
Most used - Sewing - Automated machines
ic4_3c5
Most used - Sewing - 3D Knitting
ic4_4c1
Most used - Finishing/ironing - Basic manual ironing
ic4_4c2
Most used - Finishing/ironing - Electric high-pressure steam iron
ic4_4c3
Most used - Finishing/ironing - Tunnel finisher
ic4_4c4
Most used - Finishing/ironing - Form finishing machine
ic4_4c5
Most used - Finishing/ironing - High tech pressing machine
ic5_1c1
Most used - Assembly/fabrication - Machines (controlled by operators)
ic5_1c2
Most used - Assembly/fabrication - FMC or FMS
ic5_1c3
Most used - Assembly/fabrication - Lasers (materials processing)
ic5_1c4
Most used - Assembly/fabrication - CNC machinery
ic5_1c5
Most used - Assembly/fabrication - Robots
ic5_1c6
Most used - Assembly/fabrication - Additive manufacturing
ic5_2c1
Most used - Body press/welding - Pressing of skin panels (operators)
ic5_2c2
Most used - Body press/welding - Pressing of structural components (operators)
ic5_2c3
Most used - Body press/welding - Welding of main body (operators)
ic5_2c4
Most used - Body press/welding - Pressing of skin panels (automated)
ic5_2c5
Most used - Body press/welding - Pressing of structural components (automated)
ic5_2c6
Most used - Body press/welding - Welding of main body (automated)
ic5_3c1
Most used - Painting - Water-based painting (operators)
ic5_3c2
Most used - Painting - Solvent-based painting (operators)
ic5_3c3
Most used - Painting - Water-based painting (automated)
ic5_3c4
Most used - Painting - Solvent-based painting (automated)
Total: 723
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