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Technology Sophistication Across Establishments

Bangladesh, Brazil, Burkina Faso...and 12 more, 2019 - 2023
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Reference ID
WLD_2019-2023_FAT_v01_M
Producer(s)
Xavier Cirera, Diego Comin, Marcio Cruz
Collection(s)
The Firm Adoption of Technology (FAT) Survey
Metadata
Documentation in PDF DDI/XML JSON
Created on
Feb 19, 2026
Last modified
Mar 05, 2026
Page views
4272
Downloads
72

Data file: fat0_raw_data_qje

Firm-level Adoption of Technology (FAT) dataset: This is the main microdata with the variables from the Firm-level Adoption of Technology (FAT) survey used in the paper - Technology Sophistication Across Establishments.

Cases: 21055
Variables: 723

Variables

s1b
Sampling size
s4
Multi-Establishment
s7
Number of workers (screener)
a3b
Private foreign ownership %
a4b
Founder - Ownership
a5a
Sector - group
a6
Year of beginning operations
a7a
Top Manager - Experience Same Sector
a7b
Top Manager - Female
a7c
Top Manager - Highest Education
a7d
Top Manager - Studied Abroad
b1a
Electrical Connection
b1b
Power Outages - Year
b4a
No. of Desktop or Laptops
b5a
Internet connection
b7a
Production compared to other firms in country
b7b
Production compared to other firms in world
b8c
Years using b8a4, b8a5
b9c
Years using b9a4, b9a5
b10c
Years using b10a4, b10a5
b11c
Years using b11a4, b11a5
b12c
Years using b12a3, b12a4, b12a5, b12a6
b13d
Years using b12b4, b13b5, b13b6
b14c
Years using b14a5, b14a6
b15c
Years using b15a4, b15a5
c1_1d
Years using c1_1b4
c1_2d
Years using c1_2b5, c1_2b6
c1_3d
Years using c1_3b6, c1_3b7
c1_4d
Years using c1_4b4, c1_4b5
c1_5d
Years using c1_5b3, c1_5b4, c1_5b5
c1_6d
Years using c1_6b, c1_6b4
c2_1d
Years using c2_1b3, c2_1b4
c2_2d
Years using c2_2b5, c2_2b6, c2_2b7
c2_3d
Years using c2_3b3, c2_3b4
c2_4d
Years using c2_4b5, c2_4b6, c2_4b7
c2_5d
Years using c2_5b4
c3_1d
Years using c3_1b4
c3_2d
Years using c3_2b3, c3_2b4
c3_3d
Years using c3_3b3, c3_3b4
c3_4d
Years using c3_4b3, c_3b4
c3_5d
Years using c3_5b3, c3_5b4
c4_1d
Years using c4_1b2, c4_1b3
c4_2d
Years using c4_2b4, c4_2b5
c4_3d
Years using c4_3b3, c4_3b4, c4_3b5
c4_4d
Years using c4_4b3, c4_4b4, c4_4b5
c5_1d
Years using c5_1b4, c5_1b5, c5_1b6
c5_2d
Years using c5_2b4, c5_2b5 ,c5_2b6
c5_3d
Years using c5_3b3, c5_3b4
c5_4d
Years using c5_4b3, c5_4b4
c5_5d
Years using c5_5b2, c5_5b3
c6_1d
Years using c6_1b3, c6_1b4
c6_2d
Years using c6_2b4
c6_3d
Years using c6_3b3, c6_3b4, c6_3b5
c6_4d
Years using c6_4b3, c6_4b4
c6_5d
Years using c6_5b2, c6_5b3
c6_6d
Years using c6_6b2, c6_6b3
c7_1d
Years using c7_1b3, c7_1b4, c7_1b5
c7_2d
Years using c7_2b4, c7_2b5
c7_3d
Years using c7_3b3, c7_3b4
c7_4d
Years using c7_4b4, c7_4b5
c7_5d
Years using c7_5b5, c7_5b6
c8_1d
Years using c8_1b3, c8_1b4
c8_2d
Years using c8_2b4, c8_2b5, c8_2b6
c8_3d
Years using c8_3b2, c8_3b4
c8_4d
Years using c8_4b3, c8_4b4
c8_5d
Years using c8_5b2, c8_5b3
c9_1d
Years using c9_1b3, c9_1b4
c9_2d
Years using c9_2b3, c9_2b4, c9_2b5
c9_3d
Years using c9_3b3, c9_3b4, c9_3b5
c9_4d
Years using c9_4b3, c9_4b4, c9_4b5
c9_5d
Years using c9_5b3, c9_5b4
c10_2d
Years using c10_2b3, c10_2b4
c10_3d
Years using c10_3b3, c10_3b4
c10_4d
Years using c10_4c2
c11_1d
Years using c11_1b2, c11_1b3
c11_2d
Years using c11_2b4, c11_2b5
c11_3d
Years using c11_3b3, c11_3b4, c11_cb5
c11_4d
Years using c11_4b3, c11_4b4, c11_4b5
d1a
Purchase/Lease - Equip. or Mach.
d1b
Purchase or Lease - Software License
d1c
Dev., Custom. or Modif. of Machine or Software
d3a
Loan - mach., equip or licensing
d3c
No. - needed to borrow but not get it
d4a
Formal Incentives - Money, gift, or recognition
d4b
No. KPIs monitored
d4c
Frequency monitoring the KPIs
d4d
Time frame - production targets
d6a
Did export?
d6b
Direct Exports (% of sales)
d6c
Imported inputs, machines or equipment?
e1a
No. of permanent workers, full-time (ref_year1)
e1b
No. of permanent workers, part-time (ref_year1)
e1c
No. of temporary or seasonal workers, full-time (ref_year1)
e1d
No. of temporary or seasonal workers, part-time (ref_year1)
e5c
% of workers - vocational training
e5d
% of workers - completed college degree or more
e6a
Total sales (ref_year1)
e7a
Total labor cost (ref_year1)
e7b
Total material cost (ref_year1)
e7c
Total energy cost (ref_year1)
e7d
Operation cost (ref_year1)
e8a
Equipment cost (ref_year1)
e8b
Building cost (ref_year1)
e10a
Main product - % share in total sales
e10b
Main product - average markup
country
Country
firmid
s1c_rev
Sampling location
formality
Formal Sector
base_wt
Sampling Weight
e1
Total no. workers by end of (ref_year1)
db8a1
Adopted - Business Administration - Handwritten Processes
db8a2
Adopted - Business Administration - Computers (standard softwares)
db8a3
Adopted - Business Administration - Mobile Apps or Digital Platform
db8a4
Adopted - Business Administration - Computers (specialised softwares)
db8a5
Adopted - Business Administration - ERP
db9a1
Adopted - Production Planning - Handwritten processes
db9a2
Adopted - Production Planning - Computers (standard softwares)
db9a3
Adopted - Production Planning - Mobile Apps or digital platforms
db9a4
Adopted - Production Planning - Specialized software
db9a5
Adopted - Production Planning - ERP
db10a1
Adopted - Suppliers - manual search
db10a2
Adopted - Suppliers - management of supply chain info
db10a3
Adopted - Suppliers - online social media
db10a4
Adopted - Suppliers - SRM (not integrated w prod planning)
db10a5
Adopted - Suppliers - SRM (integrated w prod planning)
db11a1
Adopted - Marketing - Face to Face Chat
db11a2
Adopted - Marketing - Online Chat
db11a3
Adopted - Marketing - Structured Surveys
db11a4
Adopted - Marketing - CRM
db11a5
Adopted - Marketing - Big Data Analytics
db12a1
Adopted - Fabrication - Manual
db12a2
Adopted - Fabrication - Machines w/o computer
db12a3
Adopted - Fabrication - Computer
db12a4
Adopted - Fabrication - Robots
db12a5
Adopted - Fabrication - Additive manufacturing
db12a6
Adopted - Fabrication - Other Adv. Processes
db13b1
Adopted - Sales - Establishment Premises
db13b2
Adopted - Sales - Phone, email or sales representatives
db13b3
Adopted - Sales - Social media platforms/apps
db13b4
Adopted - Sales - Online Sales (ext. dig. platforms)
db13b5
Adopted - Sales - Online Sales (own website)
db13b6
Adopted - Sales - Electronic orders
db14a1
Adopted - Payment - goods exchange
db14a2
Adopted - Payment - cash
db14a3
Adopted - Payment - Cheque, voucher, bank wire
db14a4
Adopted - Payment - Cards
db14a5
Adopted - Payment - Online/electronic
db14a6
Adopted - Payment - Online (platforms)
db14a7
Adopted - Payment - Cryptocurrency
db15a1
Adopted - Quality Control - Manual, Visual or Written
db15a2
Adopted - Quality Control - Human Inspection
db15a3
Adopted - Quality Control - Statistical Control
db15a4
Adopted - Quality Control - Automated
dc1_0a1
Adopted - Crops: Info. sources - Radio
dc1_0a2
Adopted - Crops: Info. sources - TV
dc1_0a3
Adopted - Crops: Info. sources - Non-internet mobile
dc1_0a4
Adopted - Crops: Info. sources - Mobile internet tech
dc1_0a5
Adopted - Crops: Info. sources - Meet other producers
dc1_0a6
Adopted - Crops: Info. sources - Pub. or Pvt. agent visit
dc1_0a7
Adopted - Crops: Info. sources - Precision agriculture
dc1_1b1
Adopted - Land prep - Manual plowing (simple tools)
dc1_1b2
Adopted - Land prep - Animal Aided
dc1_1b3
Adopted - Land prep - Manually operated machines
dc1_1b4
Adopted - Land prep - Digitally operated tractors or equipment
dc1_2b1
Adopted - Irrig.- Rain-fed, no additional irrig.
dc1_2b2
Adopted - Irrig. - Manual irrig.
dc1_2b3
Adopted - Irrig. - Surface Flood Irrig.
dc1_2b4
Adopted - Irrig. - Small Pump
dc1_2b5
Adopted - Irrig. - Drip, localized, underground, Sprinkler, centre pivot
dc1_2b6
Adopted - Irrig. - Automated
dc1_3b1
Adopted - Weeding/pest control - Manual application
dc1_3b2
Adopted - Weeding/pest control - Mechanical application
dc1_3b3
Adopted - Weeding/pest control - Biological methods
dc1_3b4
Adopted - Weeding/pest control - Precision agriculture
dc1_3b5
Adopted - Weeding/pest control - Advanced precision agriculture
dc1_4b1
Adopted - Harvesting, training, or pruning - Manual
dc1_4b2
Adopted - Harvesting, training, or pruning - Animal Aided
dc1_4b3
Adopted - Harvesting, training, or pruning - Human-operated machines
dc1_4b4
Adopted - Harvesting, training, or pruning - Manually mechanised
dc1_4b5
Adopted - Harvesting, training, or pruning - Digitally automated
dc1_5b1
Adopted - Storage facility - Precarious
dc1_5b2
Adopted - Storage facility - Protected (w/o temp. control)
dc1_5b3
Adopted - Storage facility - Special Storage (temp. control)
dc1_5b4
Adopted - Storage facility - High-end central storage
dc1_5b5
Adopted - Storage facility - Cont. temp. monitoring
dc1_6b1
Adopted - Packing - Manual
dc1_6b2
Adopted - Packing - Human-operated mech. equip.
dc1_6b3
Adopted - Packing - Automated
dc1_6b4
Adopted - Packing - Modified atmosphere
dc2_0a1
Adopted - Livestock: Info sources - Radio
dc2_0a2
Adopted - Livestock: Info sources - TV
dc2_0a3
Adopted - Livestock: Info sources - Non-internet mobile
dc2_0a4
Adopted - Livestock: Info sources - Mobile internet tech
dc2_0a5
Adopted - Livestock: Info sources - Meet other producers
dc2_0a6
Adopted - Livestock: Info sources - Pub or pvt agen visits
dc2_0a7
Adopted - Livestock: Info sources - Precision agri tools
dc2_1b1
Adopted - Breeding/genetic - Breed substitution
dc2_1b2
Adopted - Breeding/genetic - Inbreeding or Crossbreeding
dc2_1b3
Adopted - Breeding/genetic - Artificial insemination (AI)
dc2_1b4
Adopted - Breeding/genetic - Selective breeding
dc2_2b1
Adopted - Animal nutrition - Household waste or fibrous crop residues
dc2_2b2
Adopted - Animal nutrition - Natural grasslands and pastures
dc2_2b3
Adopted - Animal nutrition - Integrated crop-livestock systems
dc2_2b4
Adopted - Animal nutrition - Production of forage crops
dc2_2b5
Adopted - Animal nutrition - Production of supplementary feed
dc2_2b6
Adopted - Animal nutrition - Manu. or mixing of feed
dc2_2b7
Adopted - Animal nutrition - Prod. of genetically-modified feed
dc2_3b1
Adopted - Animal healthcare - Rapid diagnostic tests
dc2_3b2
Adopted - Animal healthcare - Pest sprays
dc2_3b3
Adopted - Animal healthcare - Vaccines
dc2_3b4
Adopted - Animal healthcare - DNA or RNA vaccine
dc2_3b5
Adopted - Animal healthcare - Disease med.
dc2_4b1
Adopted - Herd mgt/monitoring - Human
dc2_4b2
Adopted - Herd mgt/monitoring - Animal-aided
dc2_4b3
Adopted - Herd mgt/monitoring - Feedlots or grazing
dc2_4b4
Adopted - Herd mgt/monitoring - Automated cameras/video
dc2_4b5
Adopted - Herd mgt/monitoring - Unmanned aerial
dc2_4b6
Adopted - Herd mgt/monitoring - Analog tracking
dc2_4b7
Adopted - Herd mgt/monitoring - Digital tracking
dc2_5b1
Adopted - Transp. livestock - Manual
dc2_5b2
Adopted - Transp. livestock - Non-motorized vehicles
dc2_5b3
Adopted - Transp. livestock - Motorized vehicles
dc2_5b4
Adopted - Transp. livestock - Specialized/climate-controlled vehicles
dc3_1b1
Adopted - Input testing - Sensory
dc3_1b2
Adopted - Input testing - Review of supplier testing
dc3_1b3
Adopted - Input testing - Non-computer-controlled
dc3_1b4
Adopted - Input testing - Computer testing
dc3_2b1
Adopted - Food prep. - Manual
dc3_2b2
Adopted - Food prep. - Mech. equipment (human force)
dc3_2b3
Adopted - Food prep. - Power equipment (human interaction)
dc3_2b4
Adopted - Food prep. - Power equipment (computers or robotics, minimal int.)
dc3_3b1
Adopted - Anti-bacterial - Minimal-processing preservation
dc3_3b2
Adopted - Anti-bacterial - Anti-bacterial wash or soaking
dc3_3b3
Adopted - Anti-bacterial - Thermal Processing
dc3_3b4
Adopted - Anti-bacterial - Other adv. methods
dc3_4b1
Adopted - Food pkg. - Manual
dc3_4b2
Adopted - Food pkg. - Human-operated mech. equip.
dc3_4b3
Adopted - Food pkg. - Power equip. (human interaction)
dc3_4b4
Adopted - Food pkg. - Power equip. (comp./robotics, min. human int.)
dc3_5b1
Adopted - Food storage - Minimal protection (some exposure)
dc3_5b2
Adopted - Food storage - Ambient conditions (closed building)
dc3_5b3
Adopted - Food storage - Some climate control (secured building)
dc3_5b4
Adopted - Food storage - Automated climate (security-controlled building)
dc4_1b1
Adopted - Design drawing - Manual/hand-draw
dc4_1b2
Adopted - Design drawing - Digital/semi-digital design
dc4_1b3
Adopted - Design drawing - CAD
dc4_2b1
Adopted - Cutting - Manual cutting
dc4_2b2
Adopted - Cutting - Cutting machine (manually operated)
dc4_2b3
Adopted - Cutting - Semi-Automatic cutting machine
dc4_2b4
Adopted - Cutting - Automatic/Computerized cutting machine (no Laser)
dc4_2b5
Adopted - Cutting - Automatic/Computerized cutting machine (Laser)
dc4_3b1
Adopted - Sewing - Manually
dc4_3b2
Adopted - Sewing - Machine (manually operated)
dc4_3b3
Adopted - Sewing - Semi-automated machines
dc4_3b4
Adopted - Sewing - Automated machines
dc4_3b5
Adopted - Sewing - 3D Knitting
dc4_4b1
Adopted - Finishing/ironing - Basic manual ironing
dc4_4b2
Adopted - Finishing/ironing - Electric high-pressure steam iron
dc4_4b3
Adopted - Finishing/ironing - Tunnel finisher
dc4_4b4
Adopted - Finishing/ironing - Form finishing machine
dc4_4b5
Adopted - Finishing/ironing - High tech pressing machine
dc5_1b1
Adopted - Assembly/fabrication - Machines (controlled by operators)
dc5_1b2
Adopted - Assembly/fabrication - FMC or FMS
dc5_1b3
Adopted - Assembly/fabrication - Lasers (materials processing)
dc5_1b4
Adopted - Assembly/fabrication - CNC machinery
dc5_1b5
Adopted - Assembly/fabrication - Robots
dc5_1b6
Adopted - Assembly/fabrication - Additive manufacturing
dc5_2b1
Adopted - Body press/welding - Pressing of skin panels (operators)
dc5_2b2
Adopted - Body press/welding - Pressing of structural components (operators)
dc5_2b3
Adopted - Body press/welding - Welding of main body (operators)
dc5_2b4
Adopted - Body press/welding - Pressing of skin panels (automated)
dc5_2b5
Adopted - Body press/welding - Pressing of structural components (automated)
dc5_2b6
Adopted - Body press/welding - Welding of main body (automated)
dc5_3b1
Adopted - Painting - Water-based painting (operators)
dc5_3b2
Adopted - Painting - Solvent-based painting (operators)
dc5_3b3
Adopted - Painting - Water-based painting (automated)
dc5_3b4
Adopted - Painting - Solvent-based painting (automated)
dc5_4b1
Adopted - Plastic injection- Non-visible interior plastic (operators)
dc5_4b2
Adopted - Plastic injection - Plastic exterior body parts (operators)
dc5_4b3
Adopted - Plastic injection- Non-visible interior plastic (robotics)
dc5_4b4
Adopted - Plastic injection - Plastic exterior body parts (robotics)
dc5_5b1
Adopted - Productive asset mgt. - Breakdown maintenance
dc5_5b2
Adopted - Productive asset mgt. - Preventative/predictive maintenance
dc5_5b3
Adopted - Productive asset mgt. - Model Based Condition Monitoring
dc6_1b1
Adopted - Air filtration - Unfiltered air
dc6_1b2
Adopted - Air filtration - Basic
dc6_1b3
Adopted - Air filtration - HEPA
dc6_1b4
Adopted - Air filtration - Ultra HEPA, pressurization control
dc6_2b1
Adopted - Weighting - Beam Scales
dc6_2b2
Adopted - Weighting - Analog Scales
dc6_2b3
Adopted - Weighting - Electronic Scales
dc6_2b4
Adopted - Weighting - Automated Weighing
dc6_3b1
Adopted - Mixing/compounding - Manual
dc6_3b2
Adopted - Mixing/compounding - Planetary Mixers OR homogenizers
dc6_3b3
Adopted - Mixing/compounding - High Speed, High Shear Granulators
dc6_3b4
Adopted - Mixing/compounding - Fluid Bed Processors (not with syrups)
dc6_3b5
Adopted - Mixing/compounding - Fully Automated Compounding
dc6_4b1
Adopted - Compression/encapsulation - Manual
dc6_4b2
Adopted - Compression/encapsulation - Motorized
Total: 723
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