| Table of contents |
Preface iv
Foreword v
Acknowledgements vi
Abbreviations vii
Table of Contents viii
List of Tables xiii
List of Figures xvii
Chapter 1 1
INTRODUCTION 1
1.0: Background ............................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1: Objectives of the survey ....................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Sample design and coverage .............................................................................................................. 2
1.3 Questionnaires .......................................................................................................................................... 4
1.4 Organization of the survey ................................................................................................................... 4
1.4.1 Training .................................................................................................................................................... 4
1.4.2 Fieldwork ................................................................................................................................................. 4
1.5 Data processing........................................................................................................................................ 4
1.6 Sample results ........................................................................................................................................... 5
1.7 Organization of this report .................................................................................................................. 6
Chapter 2 9
DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS 9
2.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 9
2.1 Age and sex distribution ....................................................................................................................... 9
2.2 Household size ...................................................................................................................................... 11
2.3 Households by age and gender of household head ............................................................... 13
2.4 Dependency ............................................................................................................................................ 15
2.6 Migration ................................................................................................................................................. 19
Chapter 3 21
EDUCATION 21
3.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 21
3.1 Literacy status (population aged 15 years and above) ........................................................... 21
3.2 Proportion never attended school ................................................................................................. 22
3.3 Reasons for never attending school .............................................................................................. 24
3.4 Highest qualification acquired (population aged 15 years and above) ............................ 24
3.6 Enrolment rates in primary and secondary school ................................................................... 27
3.7 School attendance by type of school being attended ............................................................ 33
3.8 School participation of the population aged between 6 and 24 years ............................. 35
3.9 Dropout rate and reasons for dropout ......................................................................................... 37
Chapter 4 39
HEALTH 39
4.0 Introduction............................................................................................................................................. 39
4.1.1 Incidence of sickness ........................................................................................................................ 39
4.1.2 Major types of illnesses ................................................................................................................... 40
4.1.3 Action taken in the face of sickness ........................................................................................... 42
4.2.2 Diagnosis of chronic Illness............................................................................................................ 47
4.3.0 Reproductive health and antenatal care services .................................................................. 50
4.3.1 Births delivered twelve month prior to the survey ................................................................ 50
4.3.2 Antenatal care services and place of delivery ......................................................................... 50
4.4.1 Type of assistant during delivery ................................................................................................. 53
4.4.2 Assistance by skilled health personnel ...................................................................................... 53
4.7 Malaria and Use of bed nets............................................................................................................. 55
Chapter 5 57
CREDIT AND LOANS 57
5.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 57
5.1 Proportion of households that had some interaction with the credit market ..................................................57
5.2 Proportion of households that obtained loans ......................................................................... 58
5.3 Purpose of loan ..................................................................................................................................... 59
5.4 Sources of loan ...................................................................................................................................... 61
5.5 Reasons for not applying for a loan .............................................................................................. 63
Chapter 6 65
HOUSEHOLD ENTERPRISES 65
6.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 65
6.1 Proportion of households operating non-farm enterprises ................................................. 65
6.2 Distribution of enterprises by industrial classification ............................................................ 65
6.3 Ownership structure of enterprises ................................................................................................ 69
6.4 Source of start-up capital .................................................................................................................. 71
6.5 Business operating premises ............................................................................................................ 73
6.5 Primary market of products and services .................................................................................... 76
6.6 Formal registration status of enterprises ..................................................................................... 78
6.7 Enterprises engaged in sales of forest based products .......................................................... 81
6.8 Profile of employment in household enterprises...................................................................... 83
6.9.1 Household members engaged in enterprise .......................................................................... 84
6.9.2 Non household members engaged in enterprise ................................................................. 86
6.10 Expenses of operating household non-farm enterprises .................................................... 88
6.11 Labour force participation ............................................................................................................... 90
6.12 Income generating activities ........................................................................................................... 92
6.13 Domestic activities .............................................................................................................................. 94
Chapter 7 96
CONSUMPTION AND ASSET OWNERSHIP 96
7.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 96
7.1 Consumption per capita ..................................................................................................................... 97
7.2 Classification of per capita consumption by COICOP ............................................................. 99
7.3 Mean consumption per capita by type of expenditure ........................................................ 100
7.4 Consumption per capita per year on food ................................................................................ 102
7.5 Consumption by item level ............................................................................................................. 104
7.6 Household Assets ............................................................................................................................... 105
7.6.1 Proportion of households owning durable goods and appliances .............................. 105
7.6.2 Proportion of households owning agricultural tools and equipment ......................... 109
Chapter 8 113
HOUSING INFRASTRUCTURE AND ENVIRONMENT 113
8.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 113
8.1 Tenure ..................................................................................................................................................... 113
8.2 Type of structure ................................................................................................................................. 115
8.3 Room occupancy rate and overcrowding .................................................................................. 117
8.4 Access to safe drinking water......................................................................................................... 117
8.5 Source of Fuels used for Cooking ................................................................................................. 120
8.6 Source of fuels used for lighting ................................................................................................... 120
8.7 Access to electricity and phones ................................................................................................... 123
8.8 Access to proper sanitation ............................................................................................................ 126
8.9 Use of disposal facilities ................................................................................................................... 128
Chapter 9 130
AGRICULTURE 130
9.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 130
9.1 Households engaged in Agricultural activities ........................................................................ 130
9.2 Cultivated area ..................................................................................................................................... 131
9.3 Average plot size, distance from plot to house and plot elevation ................................. 132
9.4 Means of plot acquisition ................................................................................................................ 133
9.5 Ownership of plots ............................................................................................................................. 133
9.6 Use of non-labour inputs on plot cultivation ........................................................................... 135
9.7 Use of labour inputs on plot cultivation..................................................................................... 136
9.8 Cropping pattern ................................................................................................................................ 137
9.9 Types of crops cultivated ................................................................................................................. 138
Chapter 10 140
WELFARE 140
10.0Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 140
10.1 Welfare in terms of basic needs................................................................................................... 140
10.2 Perception over adequacy of food, housing and health care .......................................... 142
10.2 Perception of household current economic well-being ..................................................... 144
10.3 Use of current income ..................................................................................................................... 146
10.4 Welfare in terms of changes of clothing and types of sleeping materials ..........................................148
10.4 Welfare in terms of sleeping materials used in hot and cold season ........................... 165
10.5 Recent shocks to the household ................................................................................................. 168
10.6 Response against shocks ................................................................................................................ 171
10.7 Social safety nets .............................................................................................................................. 172
10.7.1 Benefits from food related programmes ............................................................................. 172
10.7.2 Benefits from education related programme ..................................................................... 175
10.7.3 Benefits from cash transfer programmes............................................................................. 177
10.7.4 Duration of benefits from social safety nets ....................................................................... 179
Chapter 11 180
ANTHROPOMETRICS 180
11.0 Introduction........................................................................................................................................ 180
11.1 Nutritional Status of Children ...................................................................................................... 180
11.2 Nutritional and under five clinic programmes....................................................................... 184
Chapter 12 187
FOOD SECURITY 187
12.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................................ 187
12.3 Food security assessment ............................................................................................................. 188
12.4 Food security and livelihood strategies ................................................................................... 191
12.4.1 Rely on less expensive or less preferred food .................................................................... 191
12.4.2 Limit portion size at meal times .............................................................................................. 191
12.4 .3 Reduce number of meals .......................................................................................................... 191
12.4.4 Restrict consumption by adults ............................................................................................... 192
12.4.5 Borrowed food or relied on help from others .................................................................... 192
12.5 Behaviors, experiences, and conditions indicating food insecurity ............................... 194
13.6 Household food consumption profile ...................................................................................... 196
12.6.1 Frequency of meals consumed by adults ............................................................................ 196
12.6.2 Frequency of meals consumed by children under 5 years of age .............................. 196
12.8 Underlying causes of food shortages ....................................................................................... 198
12.9 Food shortage during the 12 months preceding the survey ........................................... 201
Chapter 13 203
POVERTY AND INCOME INEQUALITY 203
13.0 Introduction........................................................................................................................................ 203
13.1 Poverty Lines ...................................................................................................................................... 204
13.2 Poverty measures and location ................................................................................................... 204
13.2.1 Poverty incidence (Headcount) by location ........................................................................ 204
13.2.2 Poverty gap by location ............................................................................................................. 211
13.2.3 Poverty severity (poverty gap squared) by location ........................................................ 214
13.3 Income Inequality in Malawi ........................................................................................................ 216
13.4 Poverty and household characteristics ..................................................................................... 219
13.4.1 Poverty and gender of the household head ....................................................................... 219
13.4.2 Poverty and age of household head...................................................................................... 220
13.4.3 Poverty and household size ...................................................................................................... 221
13.4.4 Poverty and education of household head ......................................................................... 222
Appendices 223
A. IHS3 developing team ........................................................................................................................ 223
B. The methodology for poverty analysis ......................................................................................... 224 |
