Demographic and Health Survey 2013
Namibia, 2013
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NAM_2013_DHS_v01_M
Demographic and Health Survey 2013
| Name | Country code |
|---|---|
| Namibia | NAM |
Demographic and Health Survey (Standard) - DHS VI
The Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) is part of the worldwide MEASURE Demographic and Health Surveys program, which is designed to collect information on a variety of health-related topics including fertility, family planning, and maternal and child health. Detail overview of DHS program is availale in <a href='http://dhsprogram.com/What-We-Do/Survey-Types/DHS.cfm'>The DHS Program</a> website.
The 2013 Namibia Demographic and Health Survey is the fourth nationally representative, comprehensive DHS survey conducted in Namibia.
The overall objective of the survey is to provide demographic, socioeconomic, and health data necessary for policymaking, planning, monitoring, and evaluation of national health and population programmes. In addition, the survey measured the prevalence of anaemia, HIV, high blood glucose, and high blood pressure among adult women and men; assessed the prevalence of anaemia among children age 6-59 months; and collected anthropometric measurements to assess the nutritional status of women, men, and children.
A long-term objective of the survey is to strengthen the technical capacity of local organizations to plan, conduct, and process and analyse data from complex national population and health surveys. At the global level, the 2013 NDHS data are comparable with those from a number of DHS surveys conducted in other developing countries. The 2013 NDHS adds to the vast and growing international database on demographic and health-related variables.
Sample survey data [ssd]
- Households
- Children aged 0-5
- Women aged 15 to 49
- Men aged 15 to 64
Scope
The 2013 Namibia Demographic and Health Survey covered the following topics:
HOUSEHOLD
• Background information on each person listed, such as relationship to head of the household, age, sex, martal status, and highest educational attainment
• Characteristics of the household's dwelling unit, such as the source of water, type of toilet facilities, type of fuel used for cooking, materials used for the floor, roof and walls of the house, and ownership of various durable goods (these items are used as proxy indicators of the household's socioeconomic status)
• Health expenditures
• Weight, height and hemoglobin measurement for children age 0-5 years
• Blood pressure and blood glucose for women age 35-64
• Weight, height, hemoglobin measurement and HIV testing for women age 15-49
• Blood pressure and blood glucose for men age 35-64
• Weight, height, hemoglobin measurement and HIV testing for men age 15-64
INDIVIDUAL WOMAN
• Background characteristics (e.g., education, residential history, media exposure)
• Birth history and childhood mortality
• Knowledge and use of family planning methods
• Fertility preferences
• Antenatal, delivery, and postnatal care
• Breastfeeding and infant feeding practices
• Vaccinations and childhood illnesses
• Marriage and sexual activity
• Women’s work and husbands’ background characteristics
• Awareness and behaviour regarding AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
• Other health issues (e.g., knowledge of tuberculosis; tobacco use; alcohol consumption; use of seat belts while seated in a vehicle; physical activity; consumption of water, fruits, and vegetables; knowledge of and testing for breast cancer and cervical cancer; and mental health)
• Maternal mortality
• Domestic violence
INDIVIDUAL MAN
• Background characteristics
• Reproduction
• Knowledge and attitudes related to family planning and exposure to family planning messages
• Marriage and sexual activity
• Fertility preferences
• Employment and gender roles
• Knowledge of HIV/AIDS and other STIs
• Miscellaneous health issues, including male circumcision
• Domestic violence
Coverage
National coverage
Producers and sponsors
| Name | Affiliation |
|---|---|
| Ministry of Health and Social Services (MoHSS) | Government of Namibia |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Namibia Statistics Agency | Government of Namibia | Collaborated in the implementation of the survey |
| National Institute of Pathology | Government of Namibia | Collaborated in the implementation of the survey |
| ICF International | DHS Program | Technical support |
| Name | Role |
|---|---|
| Government of Namibia | Funded the study |
| United States Agency for International Development | Funded the study |
| Global Fund | Funded the study |
Sampling
Sample Design
The primary focus of the 2013 NDHS was to provide estimates of key population and health indicators, including fertility and mortality rates, for the country as a whole and for urban and rural areas. In addition, the sample was designed to provide estimates of most key variables for the 13 administrative regions.
Each of the administrative regions is subdivided into a number of constituencies (with an overall total of 107 constituencies). Each constituency is further subdivided into lower level administrative units. An enumeration area (EA) is the smallest identifiable entity without administrative specification, numbered sequentially within each constituency. Each EA is classified as urban or rural. The sampling frame used for the 2013 NDHS was the preliminary frame of the 2011 Namibia Population and Housing Census (NSA, 2013a). The sampling frame was a complete list of all EAs covering the whole country. Each EA is a geographical area covering an adequate number of households to serve as a counting unit for the population census. In rural areas, an EA is a natural village, part of a large village, or a group of small villages; in urban areas, an EA is usually a city block. The 2011 population census also produced a digitised map for each of the EAs that served as the means of identifying these areas.
The sample for the 2013 NDHS was a stratified sample selected in two stages. In the first stage, 554 EAs-269 in urban areas and 285 in rural areas-were selected with a stratified probability proportional to size selection from the sampling frame. The size of an EA is defined according to the number of households residing in the EA, as recorded in the 2011 Population and Housing Census. Stratification was achieved by separating every region into urban and rural areas. Therefore, the 13 regions were stratified into 26 sampling strata (13 rural strata and 13 urban strata). Samples were selected independently in every stratum, with a predetermined number of EAs selected. A complete household listing and mapping operation was carried out in all selected clusters. In the second stage, a fixed number of 20 households were selected in every urban and rural cluster according to equal probability systematic sampling.
Due to the non-proportional allocation of the sample to the different regions and the possible differences in response rates, sampling weights are required for any analysis using the 2013 NDHS data to ensure the representativeness of the survey results at the national as well as the regional level. Since the 2013 NDHS sample was a two-stage stratified cluster sample, sampling probabilities were calculated separately for each sampling stage and for each cluster.
See Appendix A in the final report for details
A total of 11,004 households were selected for the sample, of which 10,165 were found to be occupied during data collection. Of the occupied households, 9,849 were successfully interviewed, yielding a household response rate of 97 percent.
In these households, 9,940 women age 15-49 were identified as eligible for the individual interview. Interviews were completed with 9,176 women, yielding a response rate of 92 percent. In addition, in half of these households, 842 women age 50-64 were successfully interviewed; in this group of women, the response rate was 91 percent.
Of the 5,271 eligible men identified in the selected subsample of households, 4,481 (85 percent) were successfully interviewed.
Response rates were higher in rural than in urban areas, with the rural-urban difference more marked among men than among women.
Design weights were adjusted for household non-response and for individual non-response to get the sampling weights for women’s and men’s surveys, respectively. The differences between the household sampling weights and the individual sampling weights were introduced by individual non-response. The final sampling weights were normalized to give the total number of unweighted cases equal to the total number of weighted cases at the national level, for both household weights and individual weights, respectively. The normalized weights are relative weights, which are valid for estimating means, proportions, and ratios, but not valid for estimating population totals and pooled data. The sampling weights for HIV testing were calculated in a similar way, but the normalization of the HIV sampling weights differed compared with the individual survey weights. The HIV weights were normalized for men and women together at the national level, so that the HIV prevalence calculated for men and women together was valid.
For details on the sample weight calculation are given in Appendix A.4 in the final report.
Survey instrument
Three questionnaires were administered in the 2013 NDHS: the Household Questionnaire, the Woman’s Questionnaire, and the Man’s Questionnaire. These questionnaires were adapted from the standard DHS6 core questionnaires to reflect the population and health issues relevant to Namibia at a series of meetings with various stakeholders from government ministries and agencies, nongovernmental organisations, and international donors. The final draft of each questionnaire was discussed at a questionnaire design workshop organised by the MoHSS from September 25-28, 2012, in Windhoek. The questionnaires were then translated from English into the six main local languages—Afrikaans, Rukwangali, Oshiwambo, Damara/Nama, Otjiherero, and Silozi—and back translated into English. The questionnaires were finalised after the pretest, which took place from February 11-25, 2013.
The Household Questionnaire was used to list all usual household members as well as visitors in the selected households. Basic information was collected on the characteristics of each person listed, including age, sex, education, and relationship to the head of the household. For children under age 18, parents’ survival status was determined. In addition, the Household Questionnaire included questions on knowledge of malaria and use of mosquito nets by household members, along with questions regarding health expenditures. The Household Questionnaire was used to identify women and men who were eligible for the individual interview and the interview on domestic violence. The questionnaire also collected information on characteristics of the household’s dwelling unit, such as source of water, type of toilet facilities, materials used for the floor of the house, and ownership of various durable goods. The results of tests assessing iodine levels were recorded as well.
In half of the survey households (the same households selected for the male survey), the Household Questionnaire was also used to record information on anthropometry and biomarker data collected from eligible respondents, as follows:
• All eligible women and men age 15-64 were measured, weighed, and tested for anaemia and HIV.
• All eligible women and men age 35-64 had their blood pressure and blood glucose measured.
• All children age 0 to 59 months were measured and weighed.
• All children age 6 to 59 months were tested for anaemia.
The Woman’s Questionnaire was also used to collect information from women age 50-64 living in half of the selected survey households on background characteristics, marriage and sexual activity, women’s work and husbands’ background characteristics, awareness and behaviour regarding AIDS and other STIs, and other health issues.
The Man’s Questionnaire was administered to all men age 15-64 living in half of the selected survey households. The Man’s Questionnaire collected much of the same information as the Woman’s Questionnaire but was shorter because it did not contain a detailed reproductive history or questions on maternal and child health or nutrition.
Data collection
| Start | End |
|---|---|
| 2013-05 | 2013-09 |
Training of Field Staff
The main training for the 2013 NDHS was conducted from April 22 to May 18, 2013. A total of 250 participants were recruited, including 31 nurses who served as health technicians. The interviewers were split into five classrooms. The first three weeks primarily covered classroom instruction, expert presentations on selected topics, mock interviews and quizzes. At the end of the classroom training, all of the interviewers completed a final exam and a structured, scored mock interview; they were also judged according to their performance during field practice. In addition to training on the basic content of the questionnaires, a separate training session was conducted for health technicians from May 6-22 on height and weight measurements, blood pressure and blood glucose measurements, anaemia and HIV testing, and DBS preparation. Also, separate training sessions were held for regional supervisors, team supervisors, and editors on their roles and responsibilities, emphasizing the importance of field editing and data quality.
Data Collection
Data collection was carried out by 28 teams, each consisting of a supervisor, a field editor, three female interviewers, one male interviewer, and a health technician. Fieldwork started on May 26, 2013, with all teams initially deployed to complete one selected cluster each in Windhoek to enable intense supervision and technical backstopping. After satisfactory completion of these clusters, the teams were deployed to their respective regions to continue fieldwork. Fieldwork was completed on September 30, 2013.
Quality assurance was maintained by national and regional supervisors through close supervision and monitoring during fieldwork. The questionnaires were edited by the field editors in the field and verified by the team supervisor before being transported to the MoHSS central office. In addition, national and regional supervisors ensured quality control through editing of questionnaires and observation of interviewers. Common mistakes and practical solutions were communicated through written notes and discussed with all team members.
Close contact between the MoHSS central office and the teams was maintained through field visits by senior staff, ICF International staff and representatives of USAID/Namibia. Regular communication was maintained through cell phones.
A publicity campaign was implemented during May and June 2013 to provide information to communities about the survey and its objectives. The campaign enlightened the public about survey processes, including interviews, anthropometric measurements and collection of blood samples. Information about the survey was announced in the print media and on television, including the official launch of the survey by the MoHSS. T-shirts and leaflets were also prepared for this purpose.
Data processing
CSPro—a Windows-based integrated census and survey processing system that combines and replaces the ISSA and IMPS packages—was used for entry, editing, and tabulation of the NDHS data. Prior to data entry, a practical training session was provided by ICF International to all data entry staff. A total of 28 data processing personnel, including 17 data entry operators, one questionnaire administrator, two office editors, three secondary editors, two network technicians, two data processing supervisors, and one coordinator, were recruited and trained on administration of questionnaires and coding, data entry and verification, correction of questionnaires and provision of feedback, and secondary editing. NDHS data processing was formally launched during the week of June 22, 2013, at the National Statistics Agency Data Processing Centre in Windhoek. The data entry and editing phase of the survey was completed in January 2014.
Data appraisal
The estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: nonsampling errors and sampling errors. Nonsampling errors are the results of mistakes made in implementing data collection and data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding of the questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, misinformation from respondents, and data entry errors. Although numerous efforts were made during the implementation of the 2013 Namibia Demographic and Health Survey (2013 NDHS) to minimise nonsampling errors, such errors are difficult to avoid and evaluate statistically.
Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents selected in the 2013 NDHS is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and expected size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability between all possible samples. Although the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results.
Sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean, percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance. This represents the accuracy with which a sample represents a population. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can reasonably be assumed to fall. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error of that statistic in 95 percent of all possible samples of identical size and design.
If the sample of respondents had been selected as a simple random sample, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulas for calculating sampling errors. However, the 2013 NDHS sample is the result of a multi-stage stratified design, and, consequently, it was necessary to use more complex formulas. Sampling errors are computed using SAS programmes developed by ICF International. These programmes use the Taylor linearisation method of variance estimation for survey estimates that are means, proportions, or ratios. The Jackknife repeated replication method is used for variance estimation of more complex statistics such as fertility and mortality rates.
The Taylor linearisation method treats any percentage or average as a ratio estimate, r = y/x, where y represents the total sample value for variable y, and x represents the total number of cases in the group or subgroup under consideration.
Further details on sampling errors calculation are given in Appendix B of the final report.
Tables were produced to review the quality of the data:
- Household age distribution
- Age distribution of eligible and interviewed women
- Age distribution of eligible and interviewed men
- Completeness of reporting
- Births by calendar years
- Reporting of age at death in days
- Reporting of age at death in months
- Nutritional status of children based on the NCHS/CDC/WHO International Reference Population
- Completeness of information on siblings
- Sibship size and sex ratio of siblings
Note: The tables are presented in APPENDIX C of the final report.
Access policy
The DHS Program
The DHS Program
http://dhsprogram.com/data/available-datasets.cfm
Cost: None
Data Access
| Name | URL | |
|---|---|---|
| The DHS Program | http://www.DHSprogram.com | archive@dhsprogram.com |
Request Dataset Access
The following applies to DHS, MIS, AIS and SPA survey datasets (Surveys, GPS, and HIV).
To request dataset access, you must first be a registered user of the website. You must then create a new research project request. The request must include a project title and a description of the analysis you propose to perform with the data.
The requested data should only be used for the purpose of the research or study. To request the same or different data for another purpose, a new research project request should be submitted. The DHS Program will normally review all data requests within 24 hours (Monday - Friday) and provide notification if access has been granted or additional project information is needed before access can be granted.
DATASET ACCESS APPROVAL PROCESS
Access to DHS, MIS, AIS and SPA survey datasets (Surveys, HIV, and GPS) is requested and granted by country. This means that when approved, full access is granted to all unrestricted survey datasets for that country. Access to HIV and GIS datasets requires an online acknowledgment of the conditions of use.
Required Information
A dataset request must include contact information, a research project title, and a description of the analysis you propose to perform with the data.
Restricted Datasets
A few datasets are restricted and these are noted. Access to restricted datasets is requested online as with other datasets. An additional consent form is required for some datasets, and the form will be emailed to you upon authorization of your account. For other restricted surveys, permission must be granted by the appropriate implementing organizations, before The DHS Program can grant access. You will be emailed the information for contacting the implementing organizations. A few restricted surveys are authorized directly within The DHS Program, upon receipt of an email request.
When The DHS Program receives authorization from the appropriate organizations, the user will be contacted, and the datasets made available by secure FTP.
GPS/HIV Datasets/Other Biomarkers
Because of the sensitive nature of GPS, HIV and other biomarkers datasets, permission to access these datasets requires that you accept a Terms of Use Statement. After selecting GPS/HIV/Other Biomarkers datasets, the user is presented with a consent form which should be signed electronically by entering the password for the user's account.
Dataset Terms of Use
Once downloaded, the datasets must not be passed on to other researchers without the written consent of The DHS Program. All reports and publications based on the requested data must be sent to The DHS Program Data Archive in a Portable Document Format (pdf) or a printed hard copy.
Download Datasets
Datasets are made available for download by survey. You will be presented with a list of surveys for which you have been granted dataset access. After selecting a survey, a list of all available datasets for that survey will be displayed, including all survey, GPS, and HIV data files. However, only data types for which you have been granted access will be accessible. To download, simply click on the files that you wish to download and a "File Download" prompt will guide you through the remaining steps.
Use of the dataset must be acknowledged using a citation which would include:
- the Identification of the Primary Investigator
- the title of the survey (including country, acronym and year of implementation)
- the survey reference number
- the source and date of download
Disclaimer and copyrights
The user of the data acknowledges that the original collector of the data, the authorized distributor of the data, and the relevant funding agency bear no responsibility for use of the data or for interpretations or inferences based upon such uses.
Contacts
| Name | Affiliation | URL | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Information about The DHS Program | The DHS Program | reports@DHSprogram.com | http://www.DHSprogram.com |
| General Inquiries | The DHS Program | info@dhsprogram.com | http://www.DHSprogram.com |
| Data and Data Related Resources | The DHS Program | archive@dhsprogram.com | http://www.DHSprogram.com |
Metadata production
DDI_NAM_2013_DHS_v01_M_WB
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Development Data Group | The World Bank | Documentation of the DDI |
2014-12-24
Metadata version
Version 01 (December 2014). Metadata is excerpted from "Namibia Demographic and Health Survey 2013" Report.