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CGAP Smallholder Household Survey 2016

Tanzania, 2016
Central
Jamie Anderson
Last modified May 27, 2016 Page views 82464 Documentation in PDF Metadata DDI/XML JSON

Identification

IDNO
TZA_2016_SHS_v01_M
Title
CGAP Smallholder Household Survey 2016
Subtitle
Building the Evidence Base on the Agricultural and Financial Lives of Smallholder Households
Countries
Name Code
Tanzania TZA
Study notes
The objectives of the Smallholder Household Survey in Tanzania were to:
• Generate a clear picture of the smallholder sector at the national level, including household demographics, agricultural profile, and poverty status and market relationships;
• Segment smallholder households in Tanzania according to the most compelling variables that emerge;
• Characterize the demand for financial services in each segment, focusing on customer needs, attitudes and perceptions related to both agricultural and financial services; and,
• Detail how the financial needs of each segment are currently met, with both informal and formal services, and where there may be promising opportunities to add value.
Kind of data
Sample survey data [ssd]

Version

Version
Version
Version date
2016-05-19

Coverage

Geographic coverage
National coverage
Unit of analysis
Households and individual household members
Universe
The universe for the survey consists of smallholder households defined as households with the following criteria:
1) Household with up to 5 hectares OR farmers who have less than 50 heads of cattle, 100 goats/sheep/pigs, or 1,000 chickens; AND
2) Agriculture provides a meaningful contribution to the household livelihood, income, or consumption.

Producers and sponsors

Authoring entity
Name Affiliation
Jamie Anderson The World Bank (GFMGP - CGAP)
Producer(s)
Name
InterMedia Survey Institute
Other acknowledgement(s)
Name Role
LSMS Team Knowledge exchange
Tanzania Bureau of Statistics Technical assistance in sampling selection
IPSOS Taznania Technical assistance in data collection and data processing

Sampling

Sampling procedure
The smallholder household survey in Tanzania is a nationally representative survey with a target sample size of 3,000 smallholder households. The sample was designed to provide reliable survey estimates at the national level.

Sampling Frame. The sampling frame is the list of enumeration areas (EAs) containing agricultural households. These EAs were created in preparation for the 2012 population and housing census. The census questionnaire included a question on whether any household member operated any land for agricultural purposes during the 2011–2012 agricultural year. The information collected helped to identify agricultural households during the census.

Sample allocation and selection. For the sample allocation, regions were combined into the following zones:
• Border: Ruvuma, Iringa, Mbeya, Rukwa, and Kigoma
• Coastal: Tanga, Pwani, Dar es Salaam, Lindi, and Mtwara
• Inland: Dodoma, Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Morogoro, Singida, Tabora, Manyara, Njombe, and Katavi
• Lake: Shinyanga, Kagera, Mwanza, Mara, Simiyu, and Geita
• Zanzibar: all regions

To take nonresponse into account, the target sample size was increased to 3,158 households assuming a nonresponse rate of 5 percent observed in similar national household surveys. The total sample size was first allocated to the zones in proportion to the number of agricultural households in the sampling frame. Within each zone, the resulting sample was then distributed to urban and rural areas in proportion to number of agricultural households.

Given that EAs were the primary sampling units and 15 households were selected in each EA, a total of 212 EAs were selected.

The sample for the smallholder survey is a stratified multistage sample. Stratification was achieved by separating each zone into urban and rural areas. The urban/rural classification is based on the 2012 population census. Therefore, 10 strata were created, and the sample was selected independently in each stratum.

In the first stage, EAs were selected as primary sampling units with probability proportional to size, the size being the number of agricultural households in the EAs. A household listing operation was conducted in all selected EAs to identify smallholder households and to provide a frame for selecting smallholder households to be included in the sample. In the second stage, 15 smallholders were sampled in each EA with equal probability.

In each sampled household, the household questionnaire was administered to the head of the household, the spouse, or any knowledgeable adult household member to collect information about household characteristics. The multiple respondent questionnaire was administered to all adult members in each sampled household to collect information on their agricultural activities, financial behaviors, and mobile money use. In addition, in each sampled household only one household member was selected using the Kish grid and was administered the single respondent questionnaire.

The full description of the sample design can be found in the user guide for this data set.
Deviations from sample design
The smallholder survey in Tanzania is the third survey in the series, following the surveys in Mozambique and Uganda. Fieldwork in those two countries experienced a lot of failed call backs where identified eligible households and household members could not be interviewed during the time allocated to fieldwork in each country. As a result, the final sample size fell slightly short of the target. For this reason, in Tanzania the number of households selected in each EA was increased from 15 to 17 following the household listing operation in all sampled EAs.
Response rate
The tables in the user guide to this data set show household and individual response rates for the Tanzania smallholder household survey. A total of 3,503 households was selected for the survey, of which 3,020 were found to be occupied during data collection. Of these, 2,993 were successfully interviewed, yielding a household response rate of 99.1 percent.

In the interviewed households 5,935 eligible household members were identified for the Multiple Respondent questionnaire. Interviews were completed with 5,034 eligible household members, yielding a response rate of 84.8 percent for the Multiple Respondent questionnaire.

Among the 2,993 eligible household members selected for the Single Respondent questionnaire, 2,795 were successfully interviewed a response rate of 93.4 percent.
Weighting
The sample for the smallholder household survey is not self-weighting, therefore sampling weights were calculated. The first component of the weights is the design weight based on the probability of selection for each stage of selection. The second component uses the response rates at both household and individual levels.

The design weights for households were adjusted for nonresponse at the household level to produce adjusted household weights. Sampling weights for the multiple respondent data file were derived from adjusted household weights by applying to them non-response rates at the individual level. For the single respondent data file, the same process was applied after taking into account the subsampling done within the household.

Finally, household and individual sampling weights were normalized separately at the national level so the weighted number of cases equals the total sample size. The normalized sampling weights were attached to the different data files and used during analysis.

Data Collection

Dates of collection
Start End
2016-02-06 2016-03-08
Mode of data collection
Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]
Data collection supervision
InterMedia’s local field partner recruited interviewers and supervisors. In addition five independent field quality control staff were directly hired by InterMedia. Each team consisted of one supervisor and 4- 5 interviewers. Four staff members from InterMedia’s local field partner coordinated and supervised fieldwork activities and the independent quality control (QC) team hired by InterMedia oversaw the overall quality function of data collection. The QC team stayed with the survey teams during fieldwork to closely supervise and monitor them.
Questionnaires
To capture the complexity of smallholder households, the smallholder household survey was divided into three questionnaires: the Household questionnaire, the Multiple Respondent questionnaire, and the Single respondent questionnaire. It was designed in this way to capture the complete portrait of the smallholder household, as some members of the household may work on other agricultural activities independently and without the knowledge of others.

The household questionnaire collected information on the following:
• Basic household members’ individual characteristics (age, gender, education attainment, schooling status, relationship with the household head).
• Whether each household member contributes to the household income or participates in the household’s agricultural activities. This information was later used to identify all household members eligible for the other two questionnaires.
• Household assets and dwelling characteristics.

Both the Multiple and Single Respondent questionnaires collected different information on the following:
• Agricultural practices—farm information such as size, crop types, livestock, decision-making, farming association, and markets.
• Household economics—employment, income, expenses, shocks, borrowing and saving habits, and investments.

The Single respondent questionnaire collected the following information:
• Mobile phones—attitudes toward phones, use, access, ownership, desire, and importance.
• Financial services—attitudes toward financial products and services such as banking and mobile money, including ownership, usage, access and importance.

The questionnaires were translated into Kiswahili and then pretested. After the pretest, debriefing sessions were held with the pretest field staff and the questionnaires were modified based on the observations from the pretest. After the questionnaires were finalized, a script was developed to support data collection on mobile phones. The script was tested and validated before it was use in the field.
Data collector(s)
Name
IPSOS Tanzania

Data Processing

Data editing
The data files were checked for completeness, inconsistencies and errors by InterMedia and corrections were made as necessary and where possible.
metadata.study_desc.method.data_collection.method_notes
Following the finalization of questionnaires, a script was developed using Dooblo to support data collection on smart phones. The script was thoroughly tested and validated before its use in the field.

Data Appraisal

metadata.study_desc.method.analysis_info.sampling_error_estimates
The sample design for the smallholder household survey was a complex sample design featuring clustering, stratification and unequal probabilities of selection. For key survey estimates, sampling errors taking into account the design features were produced using either the SPSS Complex Sample module or STATA based on the Taylor series approximation method.

Data access

Access conditions
Direct access.
Citation requirements
Anderson, Jamie. 2016. National Survey and Segmentation of Smallholder Households in Tanzania: Household Level Data. Washington, D.C.: CGAP.

Contacts

Contact(s)
Name Affiliation Email
Anna Nunan GFMGP - CGAP anunan@worldbank.org

Metadata production

IDNo
DDI_TZA_2016_SHS_v01_M_WB
Producers
Name Abbreviation Affiliation Role
Development Economics Data Group DECDG The World Bank Documentation of the DDI
Production date
2016-05-19
Version
Version 01 (May 2016)