Election Intervention Survey 2008, Experimental Evidence on Female Voting Behavior
Pakistan, 2008
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Reference ID
PAK_2008_EIS_v01_M
Producer(s)
Xavier Giné, Ghazala Mansuri
Metadata
Created on
Oct 11, 2017
Last modified
Oct 11, 2017
Page views
22493
Downloads
16534
Identification
Survey ID Number
PAK_2008_EIS_v01_M
Title
Election Intervention Survey 2008, Experimental Evidence on Female Voting Behavior
Subtitle
Experimental Evidence on Female Voting Behavior
Country/Economy
| Name | Country code |
|---|---|
| Pakistan | PAK |
Study type
Other Household Survey [hh/oth]
Series Information
The Pre-Election Survey - February 5-15, 2008
Vote verification February 18th, Election Day - February 19th, 2008
The Post-Election Survey - March 2008
Vote verification February 18th, Election Day - February 19th, 2008
The Post-Election Survey - March 2008
Abstract
In many emerging democracies women are less likely to vote than men and, when they do vote, are likely to follow the wishes of male household and clan heads. We assess the impact of a voter awareness campaign on female turnout, candidate choice and party vote shares. Geographic clusters within villages were randomly assigned to treatment or control, and within treated clusters, some households were not targeted. Compared to women in control clusters, both targeted and untargeted women in treated clusters are 12 percentage points more likely to vote, and are also more likely to exercise independence in candidate choice, indicating large spillovers. Data from polling stations suggests that treating 10 women increased female turnout by about 7 votes, resulting in a cost per vote of US$ 3.1 Finally, a 10 percent increase in the share of treated women at the polling station led to a 6 percent decrease in the share of votes of the winning party.
Kind of Data
Sample survey data [ssd]
Unit of Analysis
Household
Individual
Individual
Scope
Notes
The survey collected information on household demographics, recall of the door-to-door visit, access to and use of various media, knowledge about the balloting process and about political candidates, among other issues. Finally, we collected official polling station level electoral results by gender, candidate and political party for each of the 20 polling stations that served our sample villages.
Coverage
Geographic Coverage
Rural areas of districts Sukkur and Khairpur in the southern province of Sindh.
Universe
The survey was administered to all women in the household above 18 years old as well as the male household head or the male spouse if the head was a woman.
Producers and sponsors
Primary investigators
| Name | Affiliation |
|---|---|
| Xavier Giné | Development Research Group, The World Bank |
| Ghazala Mansuri | Poverty and Equity Global Practice and Development Research Group, The World Bank |
Funding Agency/Sponsor
| Name | Abbreviation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Development Research Group, World Bank | DECRG | Funding |
| Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund | PPAF | Funding |
Sampling
Sampling Procedure
A typical sample cluster yielded about 15 sample households and 41 sample women. In total, 2,736 women from 1,018 households were reached. During the door-to-door visit, basic data on each sample household was collected, including the GPS location of the house and a basic roster of all adult women with their past voting record and the name and address of their closest friend or confidant in the village. The confidant was selected as follows: in every even numbered household, the confidant of a woman who was either a daughter or a daughter in law of the household head was selected, while in every odd numbered household, the confidant of the household head (if the head was a woman) or the head’s wife, sister, mother or aunt was selected. Not all households yielded at least one “eligible” woman using this rule, so the final sample includes 797 confidants. Of these, almost all were in the same cluster as the sample women who identified them, but only 18 confidants were also in a sampled household. The door-to-door visit took 20 to 25 minutes for treated households and 5 to 10 minutes for control households. No selected household refused to be interviewed, although in a few cases a repeat visit took place on the same day. None of the households refused to participate in the awareness campaign.
Vote verification took place between the evening of February 18th, Election Day, and allday February 19th. On the evening of February 19th, the survey firm sent out a field team to each village to check 10 percent of the verifier’s assignment at random. They found no significant differences. However, the village based vote verifiers were unable to locate 99 sample women (in 27 households), roughly 3 percent of the sample. The final sample, therefore, has 2637 women and 991 households. All 797 confidants were found and their vote verified. Attrition is, therefore, quite low and unrelated to treatment assignment (see Panel A, Appendix Table OA8). In addition, 158 women claimed to have cast a vote but did not have the requisite ink mark. To be conservative, we treat these women as not having voted although the results do not change when these women are coded as voters.
Vote verification took place between the evening of February 18th, Election Day, and allday February 19th. On the evening of February 19th, the survey firm sent out a field team to each village to check 10 percent of the verifier’s assignment at random. They found no significant differences. However, the village based vote verifiers were unable to locate 99 sample women (in 27 households), roughly 3 percent of the sample. The final sample, therefore, has 2637 women and 991 households. All 797 confidants were found and their vote verified. Attrition is, therefore, quite low and unrelated to treatment assignment (see Panel A, Appendix Table OA8). In addition, 158 women claimed to have cast a vote but did not have the requisite ink mark. To be conservative, we treat these women as not having voted although the results do not change when these women are coded as voters.
Data Collection
Dates of Data Collection
| Start | End | Cycle |
|---|---|---|
| 2008-02-05 | 2008-02-15 | Pre Election Survey |
| 2008-02-18 | 2008-02-19 | Voter Verification |
| 2008-03 | 2008-03 | Post Election Survey |
Data Collection Mode
Face-to-face [f2f]
Data Collectors
| Name | Abbreviation |
|---|---|
| Research Consultants Lahore | RCons |
Questionnaires
Questionnaires
The questionnaires for this survey include:
- Pre-Election Visit Questionnaire: Due to time and budget constraints, only one of the control clusters in each village was included in the pre-election survey, with the exception of one large village in which two control clusters were selected.
- Voting Verification Form- For Village Informant
- Final Voting Questionnaire (Female) - The survey was administered to all women in the household above 18 years old as well as the male household head or the male spouse if the head was a woman
- Final Voting Questionnaire (Male) - The survey was administered to all women in the household above 18 years old as well as the male household head or the male spouse if the head was a woman
- Pre-Election Visit Questionnaire: Due to time and budget constraints, only one of the control clusters in each village was included in the pre-election survey, with the exception of one large village in which two control clusters were selected.
- Voting Verification Form- For Village Informant
- Final Voting Questionnaire (Female) - The survey was administered to all women in the household above 18 years old as well as the male household head or the male spouse if the head was a woman
- Final Voting Questionnaire (Male) - The survey was administered to all women in the household above 18 years old as well as the male household head or the male spouse if the head was a woman
Access policy
Contacts
| Name | Affiliation | |
|---|---|---|
| Xavier Giné | World Bank | xgine@worldbank.org |
| Ghazala Mansuri | World Bank | gmansuri@worldbank.org |
Confidentiality
Before being granted access to the dataset, all users have to formally agree:
1. To make no copies of any files or portions of files to which s/he is granted access except those authorized by the data depositor.
2. Not to use any technique in an attempt to learn the identity of any person, establishment, or sampling unit not identified on public use data files.
3. To hold in strictest confidence the identification of any establishment or individual that may be inadvertently revealed in any documents or discussion, or analysis. Such inadvertent identification revealed in her/his analysis will be immediately brought to the attention of the data depositor.
Citation requirements
Use of the dataset must be acknowledged using a citation which would include:
- the Identification of the Primary Investigator
- the title of the survey (including country, acronym and year of implementation)
- the survey reference number
- the source and date of download
Giné, Xavier., Mansuri, G. World Bank. Pakistan Election Intervention Pre and Post Election Survey 2008, Together We Will: Experimental Evidence on Female Voting Behavior in Pakistan. Ref. PAK_2008_EIS_v01_M. Downloaded from [URI] on [Date]
- the Identification of the Primary Investigator
- the title of the survey (including country, acronym and year of implementation)
- the survey reference number
- the source and date of download
Giné, Xavier., Mansuri, G. World Bank. Pakistan Election Intervention Pre and Post Election Survey 2008, Together We Will: Experimental Evidence on Female Voting Behavior in Pakistan. Ref. PAK_2008_EIS_v01_M. Downloaded from [URI] on [Date]
Access authority
| Name | Affiliation | URL |
|---|---|---|
| Microdata Library | World Bank | microdata.worldbank.org |
Disclaimer and copyrights
Disclaimer
The user of the data acknowledges that the original collector of the data, the authorized distributor of the data, and the relevant funding agency bear no responsibility for use of the data or for interpretations or inferences based upon such uses.
Metadata production
DDI Document ID
DDI_PAK_2008_EIS_v01_M_WB
Producers
| Name | Abbreviation | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|---|
| Development Economics Data Group | DECDG | The World Bank | Documentation of the DDI |
Date of Metadata Production
2017-09-27
DDI Document version
Version 01 (September 2017)