| Table of contents |
TABLES AND FIGURES ........................................................................................................................... ix
FOREWORD ............................................................................................................................................. xix
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS .................................................................................................. xxi
READING AND UNDERSTANDING TABLES FROM THE 2016 UGANDA
DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEY (UDHS) .......................................................... xxiii
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS INDICATORS .............................................................. xxxi
MAP OF UGANDA ................................................................................................................................ xxxii
1 INTRODUCTION AND SURVEY METHODOLOGY .............................................................. 1
1.1 Survey Objectives ................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 Sample Design ..................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Questionnaires ..................................................................................................................... 3
1.4 Anthropometry, Anaemia Testing, Malaria Testing, and Vitamin A Deficiency Testing ... 5
1.5 Pretest .................................................................................................................................. 8
1.6 Training of Field Staff ......................................................................................................... 8
1.7 Fieldwork ............................................................................................................................. 9
1.8 Data Processing ................................................................................................................... 9
1.9 Community Mobilisation ..................................................................................................... 9
1.10 Response Rates .................................................................................................................... 9
2 HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS AND HOUSEHOLD POPULATION .............................. 11
2.1 Drinking Water Sources and Treatment ............................................................................ 12
2.2 Sanitation ........................................................................................................................... 12
2.3 Other Household Characteristics ....................................................................................... 13
2.3.1 Housing Characteristics ....................................................................................... 13
2.3.2 Exposure to Smoke inside the Home ................................................................... 13
2.4 Household Wealth ............................................................................................................. 13
2.4.1 Household Durable Goods ................................................................................... 13
2.4.2 Wealth Index ........................................................................................................ 14
2.5 Hand Washing ................................................................................................................... 14
2.6 Household Population and Composition ........................................................................... 14
2.7 Children’s Living Arrangements and Parental Survival .................................................... 15
2.8 Birth Registration .............................................................................................................. 15
2.9 Education ........................................................................................................................... 16
2.9.1 Educational Attainment ....................................................................................... 16
2.9.2 School Attendance ............................................................................................... 17
2.10 Disability ........................................................................................................................... 17
2.10.1 Disability by Domain and Age ............................................................................ 17
2.10.2 Disability among Adults by Other Background Characteristics .......................... 18
2.11 Child Discipline ................................................................................................................. 18
2.12 Deaths and Injuries ............................................................................................................ 19
3 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS ............................................................................. 45
3.1 Basic Characteristics of Survey Respondents .................................................................... 45
3.2 Education and Literacy ...................................................................................................... 46
3.3 Mass Media Exposure and Internet Usage ........................................................................ 47
3.4 Employment ...................................................................................................................... 48
3.5 Occupation ......................................................................................................................... 49
3.6 Health Insurance Knowledge and Coverage ...................................................................... 49
3.7 Tobacco Use ...................................................................................................................... 50
4 MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTIVITY .................................................................................. 71
4.1 Marital Status ..................................................................................................................... 71
4.2 Polygyny ............................................................................................................................ 72
4.3 Age at First Marriage ......................................................................................................... 72
4.4 Age at First Sexual Intercourse ......................................................................................... 73
4.5 Recent Sexual Activity ...................................................................................................... 74
5 FERTILITY ................................................................................................................................... 85
5.1 Current Fertility ................................................................................................................. 85
5.2 Children Ever Born and Living ......................................................................................... 87
5.3 Birth Intervals .................................................................................................................... 87
5.4 Insusceptibility to Pregnancy ............................................................................................. 88
5.5 Age at First Birth ............................................................................................................... 89
5.6 Teenage Childbearing ........................................................................................................ 89
5.7 Sexual and Reproductive Behaviours before Age 15 ........................................................ 90
6 FERTILITY PREFERENCES ..................................................................................................... 99
6.1 Desire for Another Child ................................................................................................... 99
6.2 Ideal Family Size ............................................................................................................. 100
6.3 Fertility Planning Status .................................................................................................. 101
6.4 Wanted Fertility Rates ..................................................................................................... 102
7 FAMILY PLANNING ................................................................................................................ 111
7.1 Contraceptive Knowledge and Use ................................................................................. 111
7.2 Source of Modern Contraceptive Methods ...................................................................... 113
7.3 Informed Choice .............................................................................................................. 113
7.4 Discontinuation of Contraceptives .................................................................................. 114
7.5 Demand for Family Planning .......................................................................................... 114
7.5.1 Decision Making about Family Planning ........................................................... 115
7.5.2 Future Use of Contraception .............................................................................. 116
7.5.3 Exposure to Family Planning Messages in the Media ....................................... 116
7.6 Contact of Nonusers with Family Planning Providers ..................................................... 116
8 INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY ...................................................................................... 133
8.1 Infant and Child Mortality ............................................................................................... 134
8.2 Biodemographic Risk Factors ......................................................................................... 135
8.3 Perinatal Mortality ........................................................................................................... 135
8.4 High-risk Fertility Behaviour .......................................................................................... 136
9 MATERNAL HEALTH CARE ................................................................................................. 141
9.1 Antenatal Care Coverage and Content ............................................................................ 142
9.1.1 Skilled Providers ................................................................................................ 142
9.1.2 Timing and Number of ANC Visits ................................................................... 142
9.2 Components of ANC Visits ............................................................................................. 143
9.3 Protection against Neonatal Tetanus ............................................................................... 143
9.4 Delivery Services ............................................................................................................. 144
9.4.1 Institutional Deliveries ....................................................................................... 144
9.4.2 Skilled Assistance during Delivery .................................................................... 145
9.4.3 Delivery by Caesarean ....................................................................................... 146
9.5 Postnatal Care .................................................................................................................. 146
9.5.1 Postnatal Health Check for Mothers .................................................................. 146
9.5.2 Postnatal Health Check for Newborns ............................................................... 147
9.6 Problems in Accessing Health Care ................................................................................ 147
9.7 Female Circumcision and Obstetric Fistula ..................................................................... 148
10 CHILD HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT .............................................................................. 165
10.1 Birth Weight .................................................................................................................... 165
10.2 Vaccination of Children................................................................................................... 166
10.3 Symptoms of Acute Respiratory Infection ...................................................................... 168
10.4 Fever 168
10.5 Diarrhoeal Disease ........................................................................................................... 169
10.5.1 Prevalence of Diarrhoea ..................................................................................... 169
10.5.2 Feeding Practices ............................................................................................... 169
10.5.3 Treatment of Diarrhoea ...................................................................................... 170
10.5.4 Knowledge of ORS Packets ............................................................................... 170
10.6 Treatment of Childhood Illness ....................................................................................... 170
10.7 Disposal of Children’s Stools .......................................................................................... 170
10.8 Early Childhood Development ........................................................................................ 171
10.8.1 Early Childhood Education ................................................................................ 171
10.8.2 Support for Learning .......................................................................................... 171
10.8.3 Children’s Books and Playthings ....................................................................... 172
10.8.4 Inadequate Care for Children ............................................................................. 172
10.8.5 Early Child Development Index ........................................................................ 172
11 NUTRITION OF CHILDREN AND ADULTS ........................................................................ 193
11.1 Nutritional Status of Children .......................................................................................... 193
11.1.1 Measurement of Nutritional Status among Young Children .............................. 193
11.1.2 Data Collection .................................................................................................. 195
11.1.3 Levels of Child Malnutrition ............................................................................. 195
11.2 Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices ...................................................................... 195
11.2.1 Breastfeeding ..................................................................................................... 196
11.2.2 Complementary Feeding .................................................................................... 197
11.2.3 Minimum Acceptable Diet ................................................................................. 198
11.3 Anaemia Prevalence in Children ..................................................................................... 200
11.4 Presence of Iodized Salt in Households ........................................................................... 201
11.5 Micronutrient Intake and Supplementation among Children........................................... 201
11.6 Adults’ Nutritional Status ................................................................................................ 202
11.6.1 Nutritional Status of Women ............................................................................. 202
11.6.2 Nutritional Status of Men ................................................................................... 203
11.7 Anaemia Prevalence in Adults......................................................................................... 203
11.8 Micronutrient Intake among Mothers .............................................................................. 204
11.9 Vitamin A Deficiency in Children ................................................................................... 204
12 MALARIA ................................................................................................................................... 225
12.1 Ownership of Insecticide-Treated Nets ........................................................................... 225
12.2 Household Access to and Use of ITNs ............................................................................ 227
12.3 Use of ITNs by Children and Pregnant Women .............................................................. 228
12.4 Malaria Prophylaxis in Pregnancy ................................................................................... 229
12.5 Case Management of Malaria in Children ....................................................................... 230
12.6 Prevalence of Low Haemoglobin in Children ................................................................. 231
12.7 Prevalence of Malaria in Children ................................................................................... 231
13 HIV/AIDS-RELATED KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND BEHAVIOUR ...................... 247
13.1 HIV/AIDS Knowledge, Transmission, and Prevention Methods .................................... 248
13.1.1 Awareness of HIV/AIDS ................................................................................... 248
13.1.2 Knowledge of HIV/AIDS Prevention ................................................................ 248
13.2 Knowledge about Mother-to-Child Transmission ........................................................... 249
13.3 Discriminatory Attitudes towards People Living with HIV ............................................ 249
13.4 Multiple Sexual Partners ................................................................................................. 250
13.5 Paid Sex ........................................................................................................................... 251
13.6 Coverage of HIV Testing Services .................................................................................. 251
13.6.1 Awareness of HIV Testing Services and Experience with HIV Testing ........... 251
13.6.2 HIV Testing of Pregnant Women ...................................................................... 252
13.7 Male Circumcision .......................................................................................................... 253
13.8 Self-reporting of Sexually Transmitted Infections .......................................................... 253
13.9 HIV/AIDS-related Knowledge and Behaviour among Young People ............................ 254
13.9.1 Knowledge ......................................................................................................... 254
13.9.2 First Sex ............................................................................................................. 254
13.9.3 Premarital Sex .................................................................................................... 255
13.9.4 Multiple Sexual Partners .................................................................................... 255
13.9.5 Coverage of HIV Testing Services .................................................................... 255
14 WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT ................................................................................................ 275
14.1 Married Women’s and Men’s Employment .................................................................... 276
14.2 Control over Women’s Earnings ..................................................................................... 276
14.3 Control over Men’s Earnings .......................................................................................... 277
14.4 Women’s and Men’s Ownership of Assets ..................................................................... 278
14.5 Bank Accounts and Mobile Phones ................................................................................. 278
14.6 Participation in Decision Making .................................................................................... 279
14.7 Attitudes toward Wife Beating ........................................................................................ 280
14.8 Negotiating Sexual Relations .......................................................................................... 281
15 ADULT AND MATERNAL MORTALITY ............................................................................. 305
15.1 Data ................................................................................................................................. 305
15.2 Direct Estimates of Adult Mortality ................................................................................ 306
15.3 Trends in Adult Mortality ................................................................................................ 307
15.4 Direct Estimates of Maternal Mortality ........................................................................... 307
15.5 Trends in Pregnancy-Related Mortality ........................................................................... 308
16 DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ........................................................................................................... 313
16.1 Measurement of Violence ................................................................................................ 314
16.2 Experience of Physical Violence ..................................................................................... 315
16.2.1 Perpetrators of Physical Violence ...................................................................... 316
16.3 Experience of Sexual Violence ........................................................................................ 316
16.3.1 Prevalence of Sexual Violence .......................................................................... 317
16.3.2 Perpetrators of Sexual Violence ......................................................................... 317
16.4 Experience of Different Forms of Violence .................................................................... 317
16.5 Marital Control by Spouse ............................................................................................... 318
16.6 Forms of Spousal Violence .............................................................................................. 319
16.6.1 Prevalence of Spousal Violence ......................................................................... 319
16.6.2 Injuries due to Spousal Violence ....................................................................... 321
16.6.3 Violence Initiated by Women and Men against Their Spouse ........................... 322
16.7 Help Seeking among Those Who Have Experienced Violence ....................................... 322
REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................................... 365
APPENDIX A: SAMPLE DESIGN ........................................................................................................ 369
A.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 369
A.2 Sample Frame .................................................................................................................. 369
A.3 Sample Design and Implementation ................................................................................ 370
A.4 Sample Probabilities and Sampling Weights ................................................................... 372
APPENDIX B: ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS ................................................................... 377
APPENDIX C: DATA QUALITY TABLES ......................................................................................... 419
APPENDIX D: PERSONS INVOLVED IN THE 2016 UGANDA DEMOGRAPHIC AND
HEALTH SURVEY .................................................................................................................... 425
APPENDIX E: QUESTIONNAIRES ..................................................................................................... 431
Household Questionnaire .............................................................................................................. 433
Biomarker Questionnaire .............................................................................................................. 463
Woman’s Questionnaire ................................................................................................................ 483
Man’s Questionnaire ..................................................................................................................... 557
Fieldworker Questionnaire ............................................................................................................ 589 |
