| authors |
Institute of Statistics, Tirana, Albania Institute of Public Health, Tirana, Albania The DHS Program, ICF, Rockville, Maryland, USA |
| Date |
2018-10-01 |
| Country |
Albania |
| language |
English |
| Table of contents |
TABLES AND FIGURES .................................................................................................................................. vii
PREFACE ........................................................................................................................................................... xv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................................................ xvii
FOREWORD ..................................................................................................................................................... xix
CONTRIBUTORS TO THE REPORT ........................................................................................................... xxi
ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................................................................... xxiii
READING AND UNDERSTANDING TABLES FROM THE 2017-18 ADHS .......................................... xxv
MAP OF ALBANIA ........................................................................................................................................ xxiv
1 INTRODUCTION AND SURVEY METHODOLOGY ..................................................................... 1
1.1 History, Geography, and Population .......................................................................................... 1
1.2 Health Care ................................................................................................................................ 2
1.3 Survey Objectives ...................................................................................................................... 2
1.4 Sample Design and Sample Updating ........................................................................................ 2
1.5 Questionnaires and Forms .......................................................................................................... 3
1.6 Anthropometry, Anemia Testing, and Blood Pressure Measurement ........................................ 4
1.7 Pretest ......................................................................................................................................... 4
1.8 Training of Field Staff for the Main Fieldwork ......................................................................... 5
1.9 Fieldwork ................................................................................................................................... 5
1.10 Data Processing .......................................................................................................................... 5
1.11 Response Rates .......................................................................................................................... 6
2 HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS AND HOUSEHOLD POPULATION ....................................... 7
2.1 Drinking Water Sources and Treatment ..................................................................................... 7
2.2 Sanitation ................................................................................................................................... 8
2.3 Household Wealth ...................................................................................................................... 8
2.4 Household Population and Composition .................................................................................. 10
2.5 Children’s Living Arrangements and Parental Survival .......................................................... 11
2.6 Birth Registration ..................................................................................................................... 12
2.7 Education ................................................................................................................................. 12
2.7.1 Educational Attainment of Women ........................................................................... 12
2.7.2 Educational Attainment of Men ................................................................................. 13
2.7.3 School Attendance ..................................................................................................... 13
3 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS .................................................................................... 27
3.1 Basic Characteristics of Survey Respondents .......................................................................... 27
3.2 Education and Literacy ............................................................................................................ 28
3.3 Early Education and Support in Learning ................................................................................ 29
3.4 Mass Media Exposure .............................................................................................................. 31
3.5 Employment ............................................................................................................................. 32
3.6 Occupation ............................................................................................................................... 33
3.7 Health Insurance Coverage ...................................................................................................... 35
4 MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTIVITY .......................................................................................... 55
4.1 Marital Status ........................................................................................................................... 55
4.2 Age at First Marriage ............................................................................................................... 56
4.3 Early Marriage ......................................................................................................................... 56
4.4 Age at First Sexual Intercourse ................................................................................................ 57
4.5 Recent Sexual Activity ............................................................................................................. 58
5 FERTILITY .......................................................................................................................................... 67
5.1 Current Fertility ....................................................................................................................... 67
5.2 Children Ever Born and Living ................................................................................................ 69
5.3 Non-Live Pregnancy Outcomes ............................................................................................... 69
5.4 Birth Intervals .......................................................................................................................... 69
5.5 Insusceptibility to Pregnancy ................................................................................................... 71
5.6 Age at First Birth ..................................................................................................................... 72
5.7 Teenage Childbearing .............................................................................................................. 72
6 FERTILITY PREFERENCES ............................................................................................................ 83
6.1 Desire for Children................................................................................................................... 83
6.2 Ideal Family Size ..................................................................................................................... 84
6.3 Fertility Planning Status ........................................................................................................... 85
6.4 Wanted Fertility Rates ............................................................................................................. 86
7 FAMILY PLANNING ......................................................................................................................... 93
7.1 Contraceptive Knowledge and Use .......................................................................................... 94
7.2 Source of Modern Contraceptive Methods .............................................................................. 95
7.3 Discontinuation of Contraceptives ........................................................................................... 96
7.4 Demand for Family Planning ................................................................................................... 96
7.5 Decision-making about Family Planning ................................................................................. 98
7.6 Exposure to Family Planning Messages in the Media.............................................................. 98
7.7 Contact of Nonusers with Family Planning Providers ............................................................. 98
8 MATERNAL HEALTH CARE ........................................................................................................ 111
8.1 Antenatal Care Coverage and Content ................................................................................... 112
8.1.1 Skilled Providers ...................................................................................................... 112
8.1.2 Timing and Number of ANC Visits ......................................................................... 112
8.2 Components of ANC Visits ................................................................................................... 113
8.3 Delivery Services ................................................................................................................... 114
8.3.1 Institutional Deliveries ............................................................................................. 114
8.3.2 Assistance during Delivery ...................................................................................... 115
8.3.3 Delivery by Caesarean ............................................................................................. 115
8.4 Postnatal Care ........................................................................................................................ 116
8.4.1 Postnatal Health Check for Mothers ........................................................................ 116
8.4.2 Postnatal Health Check for Newborns ..................................................................... 117
8.5 Problems in Accessing Health Care ....................................................................................... 118
9 CHILD HEALTH ............................................................................................................................... 131
9.1 Birth Weight ........................................................................................................................... 131
9.2 Vaccination of Children ......................................................................................................... 132
9.3 Symptoms of Acute Respiratory Infection ............................................................................. 133
9.4 Fever ...................................................................................................................................... 134
9.5 Diarrheal Disease ................................................................................................................... 134
9.5.1 Prevalence of Diarrhea............................................................................................. 134
9.5.2 Feeding Practices ..................................................................................................... 135
9.5.3 Treatment of Diarrhea .............................................................................................. 135
9.6 Disposal of Children’s Stools................................................................................................. 136
9.7 Child Discipline ..................................................................................................................... 136
9.8 Inadequate Care ..................................................................................................................... 138
10 NUTRITION OF CHILDREN AND ADULTS ............................................................................... 155
10.1 Nutritional Status of Children ................................................................................................ 155
10.1.1 Measurement of Nutritional Status among Young Children .................................... 155
10.1.2 Data Collection ........................................................................................................ 157
10.1.3 Levels of Child Malnutrition ................................................................................... 157
10.2 Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices ............................................................................ 158
10.2.1 Breastfeeding ........................................................................................................... 158
10.2.2 Exclusive Breastfeeding .......................................................................................... 159
10.2.3 Median Duration of Breastfeeding ........................................................................... 159
10.2.4 Complementary Feeding .......................................................................................... 160
10.2.5 Minimum Acceptable Diet ....................................................................................... 160
10.3 Anemia Prevalence in Children ............................................................................................. 162
10.4 Presence of Iodized Salt in Households ................................................................................. 163
10.5 Micronutrient Intake and Supplementation among Children ................................................. 163
10.6 Adults’ Nutritional Status ...................................................................................................... 164
10.6.1 Nutritional Status of Women ................................................................................... 164
10.6.2 Nutritional Status of Men ........................................................................................ 165
10.7 Anemia Prevalence in Adults ................................................................................................. 165
10.8 Micronutrient Intake among Mothers .................................................................................... 166
11 LIFESTYLE HEALTH RISK FACTORS ....................................................................................... 183
11.1 Tobacco Smoking .................................................................................................................. 183
11.2 Alcohol Consumption ............................................................................................................ 184
11.3 Consumption of Sugary Sodas and Juices .............................................................................. 185
11.4 Consumption of Oils and Fat ................................................................................................. 186
11.5 Consumption of Fruits and Vegetables .................................................................................. 187
11.6 Physical Activity .................................................................................................................... 188
12 NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES ............................................................................................. 207
12.1 Hypertension .......................................................................................................................... 207
12.2 Self-reported Prevalence of Noncommunicable Diseases ...................................................... 209
12.3 Self-reported Prevalence of Chronic Disabilities ................................................................... 210
12.4 Recent Injuries and Ailments ................................................................................................. 211
12.5 Assessment of One’s Own Health Evolution ......................................................................... 211
12.6 Awareness of Cancer-screening Tests .................................................................................... 212
12.7 Depression.............................................................................................................................. 213
13 HIV/AIDS-RELATED KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND BEHAVIOR ................................ 227
13.1 HIV/AIDS Knowledge, Transmission, and Prevention Methods........................................... 227
13.2 Knowledge about Mother-to-Child Transmission (MTCT) ................................................... 229
13.3 Discriminatory Attitudes toward People Living with HIV .................................................... 229
13.4 Multiple Sexual Partners ........................................................................................................ 230
13.5 Paid Sex ................................................................................................................................. 230
13.6 Coverage of HIV Testing Services ........................................................................................ 231
13.6.1 Awareness of HIV Testing Services and Experience with HIV Testing ................. 231
13.6.2 HIV Testing of Pregnant Women ............................................................................ 232
13.7 Male Circumcision ................................................................................................................. 232
13.8 Self-reporting of Sexually Transmitted Infections ................................................................. 232
13.9 HIV/AIDS-Related Knowledge and Behavior among Young People .................................... 233
13.9.1 Knowledge ............................................................................................................... 233
13.9.2 Age at First Sex ....................................................................................................... 233
13.9.3 Premarital Sex .......................................................................................................... 234
13.9.4 Multiple Sexual Partners .......................................................................................... 234
13.9.5 Coverage of HIV Testing Services .......................................................................... 234
14 WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT........................................................................................................ 253
14.1 Employment and Cash Earnings ............................................................................................ 254
14.2 Control over Women’s Earnings ............................................................................................ 255
14.3 Control over Men’s Earnings ................................................................................................. 256
14.4 Ownership of Assets .............................................................................................................. 257
14.5 Bank Accounts and Mobile Phones ....................................................................................... 258
14.6 Participation in Decision Making ........................................................................................... 258
14.6 Attitudes toward Wife-Beating .............................................................................................. 259
14.7 Experience of Intimate Partner Violence ............................................................................... 260
14.8 Negotiating Sexual Relations ................................................................................................. 260
15 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................... 283
APPENDIX A SAMPLE DESIGN ............................................................................................................... 285
A.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 285
A.2 Sampling Frame ..................................................................................................................... 285
A.3 Sample Design and Selection ................................................................................................. 286
A.4 Sampling Weights .................................................................................................................. 287
APPENDIX B ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS .......................................................................... 293
APPENDIX C DATA QUALITY TABLES ................................................................................................ 311
APPENDIX D PERSONS INVOLVED IN THE 2017-18 ALBANIA DHS ............................................. 315
APPENDIX E QUESTIONNAIRES ........................................................................................................... 319 |
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