| authors |
Ministry of Health, Malé, Maldives The DHS Program, ICF, Rockville, Maryland, USA |
| Date |
2018-12-01 |
| Country |
Maldives |
| language |
English |
| Table of contents |
TABLES AND FIGURES ........................................................................................................................... ix
PREFACE ................................................................................................................................................. xvii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................................................................... xix
READING AND UNDERSTANDING TABLES FROM THE 2016-17 MALDIVES DHS ................ xxi
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS INDICATORS .............................................................. xxix
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................ xxxi
MAP OF MALDIVES ........................................................................................................................... xxxiv
1 INTRODUCTION AND SURVEY METHODOLOGY .............................................................. 1
1.1 Survey Objectives ................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 Sample Design ..................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Questionnaires ..................................................................................................................... 3
1.4 Anthropometry and Anaemia Testing ................................................................................. 4
1.5 Pretest .................................................................................................................................. 5
1.6 Training of Field Staff ......................................................................................................... 5
1.7 Fieldwork ............................................................................................................................. 6
1.8 Data Processing ................................................................................................................... 6
1.9 Response Rates .................................................................................................................... 6
2 HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS AND HOUSEHOLD POPULATION ................................ 9
2.1 Drinking Water Sources and Treatment .............................................................................. 9
2.2 Sanitation ........................................................................................................................... 10
2.3 Housing Characteristics ..................................................................................................... 11
2.3.1 Exposure to Smoke inside the Home ................................................................... 11
2.3.2 Other Housing Characteristics ............................................................................. 11
2.3.3 Housing Materials ................................................................................................ 11
2.3.4 Household Durable Goods ................................................................................... 12
2.4 Household Wealth ............................................................................................................. 12
2.5 Hand Washing ................................................................................................................... 13
2.6 Household Population and Composition ........................................................................... 13
2.7 Children’s Living Arrangements and Parental Survival .................................................... 14
2.8 Birth Registration .............................................................................................................. 15
2.9 Education ........................................................................................................................... 15
2.9.1 Educational Attainment ....................................................................................... 15
2.9.2 School Attendance ............................................................................................... 16
2.9.3 Other Measures of School Attendance ................................................................. 16
2.10 Disability ........................................................................................................................... 17
3 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS ............................................................................. 33
3.1 Background Characteristics of Survey Respondents ......................................................... 33
3.2 Education and Literacy ...................................................................................................... 34
3.3 Mass Media Exposure and Internet Usage ........................................................................ 35
3.4 Employment ...................................................................................................................... 36
3.5 Occupation ......................................................................................................................... 37
3.6 Type of Women’s Employment ........................................................................................ 37
3.7 Health Insurance Coverage ................................................................................................ 38
3.8 Tobacco Use ...................................................................................................................... 38
4 MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTIVITY .................................................................................. 57
4.1 Marital Status ..................................................................................................................... 57
4.2 Polygyny ............................................................................................................................ 58
4.3 Age at First Marriage ......................................................................................................... 58
4.4 Age at First Sexual Intercourse ......................................................................................... 59
4.5 Recent Sexual Activity ...................................................................................................... 60
5 FERTILITY ................................................................................................................................... 67
5.1 Current Fertility ................................................................................................................. 67
5.2 Children Ever Born ............................................................................................................ 69
5.3 Birth Intervals .................................................................................................................... 69
5.4 Insusceptibility to Pregnancy ............................................................................................. 70
5.5 Age at First Birth ............................................................................................................... 71
5.6 Teenage Childbearing ........................................................................................................ 71
6 FERTILITY PREFERENCES ..................................................................................................... 79
6.1 Desire for Another Child ................................................................................................... 79
6.2 Ideal Family Size ............................................................................................................... 80
6.3 Fertility Planning Status .................................................................................................... 81
6.4 Wanted Fertility Rates ....................................................................................................... 82
7 FAMILY PLANNING .................................................................................................................. 89
7.1 Contraceptive Knowledge and Use ................................................................................... 89
7.2 Knowledge of Women’s Fertile Period ............................................................................. 91
7.3 Timing of Female Sterilisation .......................................................................................... 92
7.4 Source of Modern Contraceptive Methods ........................................................................ 92
7.5 Informed Choice ................................................................................................................ 92
7.6 Discontinuation of Contraceptives .................................................................................... 93
7.7 Demand for Family Planning ............................................................................................ 93
7.8 Decision Making about Family Planning .......................................................................... 94
7.9 Future Use of Contraception .............................................................................................. 95
7.10 Exposure to Family Planning Messages in the Media ....................................................... 95
7.11 Contact of Nonusers with Family Planning Providers ....................................................... 95
8 INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY ...................................................................................... 107
8.1 Infant and Child Mortality ............................................................................................... 108
8.2 Perinatal Mortality ........................................................................................................... 109
8.3 High-risk Fertility Behaviour .......................................................................................... 110
9 MATERNAL HEALTH CARE ................................................................................................. 115
9.1 Antenatal Care Coverage and Content ............................................................................ 116
9.1.1 Skilled Providers ................................................................................................ 116
9.1.2 Timing and Number of ANC Visits ................................................................... 116
9.2 Components of ANC ....................................................................................................... 116
9.3 Protection against Neonatal Tetanus ............................................................................... 117
9.4 Delivery Services ............................................................................................................. 118
9.4.1 Institutional Deliveries ....................................................................................... 118
9.4.2 Skilled Assistance during Delivery .................................................................... 118
9.4.3 Delivery by Caesarean Section .......................................................................... 119
9.5 Postnatal Care .................................................................................................................. 120
9.5.1 Postnatal Health Check for Mothers .................................................................. 120
9.5.2 Postnatal Health Check for Newborns ............................................................... 120
9.6 Problems in Accessing Health Care ................................................................................ 121
10 CHILD HEALTH ........................................................................................................................ 135
10.1 Birth Weight .................................................................................................................... 135
10.2 Vaccination of Children ................................................................................................... 136
10.3 Symptoms of Acute Respiratory Infection ...................................................................... 138
10.4 Fever ................................................................................................................................ 138
10.5 Diarrhoeal Disease ........................................................................................................... 139
10.5.1 Prevalence of Diarrhoea ..................................................................................... 139
10.5.2 Feeding Practices ............................................................................................... 139
10.5.3 Oral Rehydration Therapy and Other Treatments for Diarrhoea ....................... 140
10.5.4 Treatment-seeking Behaviour ............................................................................ 141
10.5.5 Knowledge of ORS Packets ............................................................................... 141
10.6 Disposal of Children’s Stools .......................................................................................... 141
11 NUTRITION OF CHILDREN AND ADULTS ........................................................................ 153
11.1 Nutritional Status of Children .......................................................................................... 153
11.1.1 Measurement of Nutritional Status among Young Children .............................. 153
11.1.2 Data Collection .................................................................................................. 155
11.1.3 Levels of Child Malnutrition ............................................................................. 155
11.2 Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices ...................................................................... 156
11.2.1 Breastfeeding ..................................................................................................... 156
11.2.2 Median Duration of Breastfeeding ..................................................................... 157
11.2.3 Complementary Feeding .................................................................................... 157
11.2.4 Minimum Acceptable Diet ................................................................................. 158
11.3 Anaemia Prevalence in Children ..................................................................................... 160
11.4 Micronutrient Intake and Supplementation among Children ........................................... 161
11.5 Adults’ Nutritional Status ................................................................................................ 162
11.5.1 Nutritional Status of Women ............................................................................. 162
11.5.2 Nutritional Status of Men Age 15-49 Years ...................................................... 163
11.6 Anaemia Prevalence in Women....................................................................................... 163
11.7 Iron Supplementation among Mothers ............................................................................ 164
12 HIV/AIDS-RELATED KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND BEHAVIOUR ....................... 179
12.1 HIV/AIDS Knowledge, Transmission, and Prevention Methods .................................... 179
12.2 Knowledge about Mother-to-Child Transmission ........................................................... 181
12.3 Discriminatory Attitudes towards People Living with HIV ............................................ 181
12.4 Men’s Sexual Behaviour ................................................................................................. 182
12.5 Coverage of HIV Testing Services .................................................................................. 182
12.6 Self-reporting of Sexually Transmitted Infections .......................................................... 183
12.7 HIV/AIDS-Related Knowledge and Behaviour among Young People ........................... 184
12.7.1 Knowledge ......................................................................................................... 184
12.7.2 First Sex ............................................................................................................. 184
12.7.3 Premarital Sex .................................................................................................... 184
12.7.4 Coverage of HIV Testing Services .................................................................... 185
13 WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT ................................................................................................ 197
13.1 Married Women’s and Men’s Employment .................................................................... 198
13.2 Control over Women’s Earnings ..................................................................................... 198
13.3 Control over Men’s Earnings .......................................................................................... 199
13.4 Women’s and Men’s Ownership of House ...................................................................... 200
13.5 Ownership and Use of Bank Accounts and Mobile Phones ............................................ 200
13.6 Women’s Participation in Decision Making .................................................................... 201
13.7 Attitudes towards Wife Beating ...................................................................................... 202
13.8 Attitude towards Negotiating Safe Sex ............................................................................ 203
13.9 Ability to Negotiate Sexual Relations ............................................................................. 203
13.10 Women’s Empowerment and Demographic and Health Outcomes ................................ 204
14 VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN ............................................................................................. 219
14.1 Measurement of Violence ................................................................................................ 220
14.2 Women’s Experience of Physical Violence from Anyone .............................................. 220
14.2.1 Prevalence of Physical Violence ........................................................................ 220
14.2.2 Perpetrators of Physical Violence ...................................................................... 221
14.3 Experience of Sexual Violence ........................................................................................ 221
14.3.1 Prevalence of Sexual Violence .......................................................................... 221
14.3.2 Perpetrators of Sexual Violence ......................................................................... 221
14.4 Experience of Different Forms of Violence .................................................................... 222
14.5 Marital Control by Husband ............................................................................................ 222
14.6 Forms of Spousal Violence .............................................................................................. 223
14.6.1 Prevalence of Spousal Violence ......................................................................... 223
14.6.2 Onset of Spousal Violence ................................................................................. 225
14.7 Injuries to Women due to Spousal Violence ................................................................... 225
14.8 Violence Initiated by Women against Husbands ............................................................. 226
14.9 Response to Violence ...................................................................................................... 226
14.9.1 Help-Seeking among Women Who Have Experienced Violence ...................... 226
14.9.2 Sources for Help ................................................................................................ 227
15 OTHER HEALTH ISSUES........................................................................................................ 243
15.1 Hypertension and Diabetes .............................................................................................. 243
15.2 Other Non-Communicable Diseases ................................................................................ 244
15.3 Thalassemia ..................................................................................................................... 244
15.4 Tuberculosis Knowledge and Attitudes ........................................................................... 245
15.5 Knowledge about Dengue Fever ..................................................................................... 246
16 EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT .............................................................................. 255
16.1 Early Childhood Education ............................................................................................. 255
16.2 Childhood Learning ......................................................................................................... 256
16.2.1 Support for Learning .......................................................................................... 256
16.2.2 Children’s Books and Playthings ....................................................................... 256
16.3 Adequate Care for Young Children ................................................................................. 257
16.4 Developmentally On Track ............................................................................................. 258
17 FEMALE CIRCUMCISION ...................................................................................................... 265
17.1 Knowledge of Female Circumcision ............................................................................... 266
17.2 Prevalence of and Age at Circumcision among Women ................................................. 266
17.2.1 Prevalence of Female Circumcision .................................................................. 266
17.2.2 Age at Circumcision .......................................................................................... 267
17.3 Prevalence of Circumcision for Girls Age 0-14 .............................................................. 267
17.4 Opinions about Female Circumcision ............................................................................. 268
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................................... 277
APPENDIX A SAMPLE DESIGN ........................................................................................................ 277
A.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 277
A.2 Sample Frame .................................................................................................................. 277
A.3 Sample Design and Implementation ................................................................................ 279
A.4 Sample Probabilities and Sampling Weights ................................................................... 281
APPENDIX B ESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERRORS ................................................................... 307
APPENDIX C DATA QUALITY TABLES ......................................................................................... 307
APPENDIX D PERSONNEL INVOLVED IN THE 2016-17 MALDIVES DEMOGRAPHIC
AND HEALTH SURVEY ............................................................................................. 313
APPENDIX E QUESTIONNAIRES ..................................................................................................... 317 |
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https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR349/FR349.pdf |
