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    Home / Central Data Catalog / AFROBAROMETER / AFR_2019_AFB-MR7_V01_M
afrobarometer

Afrobarometer Survey 2016-2018, Merged Round 7 Data (34 Countries)

Benin, Burkina Faso, Botswana, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Cabo Verde, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Gambia, The, Kenya, Liberia, Lesotho, Morocco, Madagas..., 2016 - 2018
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Reference ID
AFR_2019_AFB-MR7_v01_M
Producer(s)
Ghana Centre for Democratic Development (CDD), Institute for Justice and Reconciliation in South Africa (IJR), Institute for Empirical Research in Political Economy (IREEP), Institute for Development Studies (IDS), Michigan State University (MSU), University of Cape Town (UCT, South Africa)
Collection(s)
Afrobarometer Fragility, Conflict and Violence
Metadata
DDI/XML JSON
Created on
Oct 27, 2020
Last modified
Apr 27, 2021
Page views
10789
Downloads
1637
  • Study Description
  • Data Description
  • Documentation
  • Get Microdata
  • Identification
  • Version
  • Scope
  • Coverage
  • Producers and sponsors
  • Sampling
  • Data Collection
  • Questionnaires
  • Access policy
  • Disclaimer and copyrights
  • Metadata production

Identification

Survey ID Number
AFR_2019_AFB-MR7_v01_M
Title
Afrobarometer Survey 2016-2018, Merged Round 7 Data (34 Countries)
Subtitle
Merged Round 7 Data (34 Countries)
Country/Economy
Name Country code
Benin BEN
Burkina Faso BFA
Botswana BWA
Côte d'Ivoire CIV
Cameroon CMR
Cabo Verde CPV
Gabon GAB
Ghana GHA
Guinea GIN
Gambia, The GMB
Kenya KEN
Liberia LBR
Lesotho LSO
Morocco MAR
Madagascar MDG
Mali MLI
Mozambique MOZ
Mauritius MUS
Malawi MWI
Namibia NAM
Niger NER
Nigeria NGA
Sudan SDN
Senegal SEN
Sierra Leone SLE
Sao Tome and Principe STP
Eswatini SWZ
Togo TGO
Tunisia TUN
Tanzania TZA
Uganda UGA
South Africa ZAF
Zambia ZMB
Zimbabwe ZWE
Study type
Other Household Survey [hh/oth]
Series Information
Afrobarometer collects and disseminates information regarding Africans’ views on democracy, governance, economic reform, civil society, and quality of life. Round 1 surveys were conducted between 1999 and 2001. At that time, the project covered seven countries in Southern Africa (Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe), three countries in West Africa (Ghana, Nigeria and Mali) and two in East Africa (Uganda and Tanzania). Round 2 surveys were completed by November 2003 with four new countries added: Kenya, Senegal, Cape Verde and Mozambique. Round 3 surveys were conducted from March 2005 to February 2006 in the same countries, plus Benin and Madagascar. Round 4 surveys were conducted during 2008 and 2009 in 20 countries, reflecting the addition of Burkina Faso and Liberia. The fifth Round of surveys were done between October 2011 and June 2013. In the Round 5 surveys, the project covered an additional 15 countries in different regions of the continent. Among the new R5 countries were Mauritius and Swaziland in Southern Africa; Burundi and Ethiopia in East Africa; Cameroon, Niger, Cote D’Ivoire, Guinea, Sierra Leone and Togo in West Africa. Afrobarometer also worked with the Arab Barometer and implemented R5 surveys in Algeria, Egypt, Morocco Sudan and Tunisia. Additional Round 5.5 surveys were also conducted in Mali and Zimbabwe. In Round 6, surveys were done 36 countries. Two countries that were covered in Round 5, Ethiopia and Egypt, were not included due to operational constraints. In their place, the Network added Gabon and Sao Tome and Principe. The survey covered 34 African countries covered in Round 7 (2016-2018). Here are the list of countries covered in Round 7: Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cote d'Ivoire, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.
Abstract
The Afrobarometer is a comparative series of public attitude surveys that assess African citizen's attitudes to democracy and governance, markets, and civil society, among other topics. The surveys have been undertaken at periodic intervals since 1999. The Afrobarometer's coverage has increased over time. Round 1 (1999-2001) initially covered 7 countries and was later extended to 12 countries. Round 2 (2002-2004) surveyed citizens in 16 countries. Round 3 (2005-2006) 18 countries, Round 4 (2008) 20 countries, Round 5 (2011-2013) 34 countries, and Round 6 (2014-2015) 36 countries. The survey covered 34 countries in Round 7 (2016-2018).
Kind of Data
Sample survey data [ssd]
Unit of Analysis
Individuals

Version

Version Description
Version 01: Edited, anonymised dataset for public distribution
Version Notes
Round 7 merged dataset, it comprises of survey datasets from 34 countries.

Scope

Notes
Each Afrobarometer survey collects data about individual attitudes and behavior, including innovative indicators especially relevant to developing societies. This includes the following topics:

• Democracy - Popular understanding of, support for, and satisfaction with democracy, as well as any desire to return to, or experiment with, authoritarian alternatives.
• Governance - The demand for, and satisfaction with, effective, accountable and clean government; judgments of overall governance performance and social service delivery.
• Livelihoods - How do African families survive? What variety of formal and informal means do they use to gain access to food, shelter, water, health, employment and money?
• Macro-economics and markets - Citizen understandings of market principles and market reforms and their assessments of economic conditions and government performance at economic management.
• Social capital - Whom do people trust? To what extent do they rely on informal networks and associations? What are their evaluations of the trustworthiness of various institutions?
• Conflict and crime - How safe do people feel? What has been their experience with crime and violence?
• Participation - The extent to which ordinary people join in development efforts, comply with the laws of the land, vote in elections, contact elected representatives, and engage in protest. The quality of electoral representation.
• National identity - How do people see themselves in relation to ethnic and class identities? Does a shared sense of national identity exist?

Coverage

Geographic Coverage
The survey has national coverage in the following 34 African countries: Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cabo Verde, Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire, eSwatini, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
Geographic Unit
The lowest level of geographic aggregation covered by the data is province/region.
Universe
The sample universe for Afrobarometer surveys includes all citizens of voting age within the country. In other words, we exclude anyone who is not a citizen and anyone who has not attained this age (usually 18 years) on the day of the survey. Also excluded are areas determined to be either inaccessible or not relevant to the study, such as those experiencing armed conflict or natural disasters, as well as national parks and game reserves. As a matter of practice, we have also excluded people living in institutionalized settings, such as students in dormitories and persons in prisons or nursing homes.

Producers and sponsors

Primary investigators
Name Affiliation
Ghana Centre for Democratic Development (CDD) Ghana
Institute for Justice and Reconciliation in South Africa (IJR) South Africa
Institute for Empirical Research in Political Economy (IREEP) Benin
Institute for Development Studies (IDS) Kenya
Michigan State University (MSU) United States
University of Cape Town (UCT, South Africa) South Africa
Funding Agency/Sponsor
Name Abbreviation Role
Department for International Development DFID Funded the study
Swedish Internation Development Cooperation Agency SIDA Funded the study
United States Agency for International Development USAID Funded the study
World Bank WB Funded the study

Sampling

Sampling Procedure
Afrobarometer uses national probability samples designed to meet the following criteria. Samples are designed to generate a sample that is a representative cross-section of all citizens of voting age in a given country. The goal is to give every adult citizen an equal and known chance of being selected for an interview. They achieve this by:

• using random selection methods at every stage of sampling;
• sampling at all stages with probability proportionate to population size wherever possible to ensure that larger (i.e., more populated) geographic units have a proportionally greater probability of being chosen into the sample.

The sampling universe normally includes all citizens age 18 and older. As a standard practice, we exclude people living in institutionalized settings, such as students in dormitories, patients in hospitals, and persons in prisons or nursing homes. Occasionally, we must also exclude people living in areas determined to be inaccessible due to conflict or insecurity. Any such exclusion is noted in the technical information report (TIR) that accompanies each data set.

Sample size and design
Samples usually include either 1,200 or 2,400 cases. A randomly selected sample of n=1200 cases allows inferences to national adult populations with a margin of sampling error of no more than +/-2.8% with a confidence level of 95 percent. With a sample size of n=2400, the margin of error decreases to +/-2.0% at 95 percent confidence level.

The sample design is a clustered, stratified, multi-stage, area probability sample. Specifically, we first stratify the sample according to the main sub-national unit of government (state, province, region, etc.) and by urban or rural location.

Area stratification reduces the likelihood that distinctive ethnic or language groups are left out of the sample. Afrobarometer occasionally purposely oversamples certain populations that are politically significant within a country to ensure that the size of the sub-sample is large enough to be analysed. Any oversamples is noted in the TIR.

Sample stages
Samples are drawn in either four or five stages:

Stage 1: In rural areas only, the first stage is to draw secondary sampling units (SSUs). SSUs are not used in urban areas, and in some countries they are not used in rural areas. See the TIR that accompanies each data set for specific details on the sample in any given country.
Stage 2: We randomly select primary sampling units (PSU).
Stage 3: We then randomly select sampling start points.
Stage 4: Interviewers then randomly select households.
Stage 5: Within the household, the interviewer randomly selects an individual respondent. Each interviewer alternates in each household between interviewing a man and interviewing a woman to ensure gender balance in the sample.

To keep the costs and logistics of fieldwork within manageable limits, eight interviews are clustered within each selected PSU.

Data weights
For some national surveys, data are weighted to correct for over or under-sampling or for household size. "Withinwt" should be turned on for all national -level descriptive statistics in countries that contain this weighting variable. It is included as the last variable in the data set, with details described in the codebook. For merged data sets, "Combinwt" should be turned on for cross-national comparisons of descriptive statistics. Note: this weighting variable standardizes each national sample as if it were equal in size.

Further information on sampling protocols, including full details of the methodologies used for each stage of sample selection, can be found at https://afrobarometer.org/surveys-and-methods/sampling-principles
Weighting
Note that for some surveys data is weighted to correct for either deliberate (e.g., to provide an adequate sample of specific sub-groups for analytical purposes) or inadvertent over- or under-sampling of particular sample strata. In these cases, a weighting variable is included as the last variable in the data set, with details described in the codebook. These weighting factors should be used when calculating all national-level statistics.

Data Collection

Dates of Data Collection
Start End Cycle
2016 2018 Round 7
Data Collection Mode
Face-to-face [f2f]
Supervision
Teams of four interviewers traveled together to the field under the leadership of a field supervisor. It was the supervisor's job to ensure quality control of survey returns on a daily basis. Interviewers, usually holding a first degree in social science, were trained in a five-day training workshop immediately prior to fieldwork. Interviews usually took about one hour and only proceeded after respondents have given informed consent. Strict confidentiality was required in handling survey returns.
Data Collection Notes
Interviews conducted in the following languages:

Benin:
French, Fon, Adja, Bariba, Dendi, Yoruba, Otamari, Peulh

Botswana:
English, Setswana

Cape Verde:
Creole, Portuguese

Ghana:
English, Akan, Ewe, Ga, Dagbani

Kenya:
English, Kiswahili, Kamba, Kikuyu, Kimeru, Kisii, Luhya, Luo, Somali, Turkana

Lesotho:
English, Sesotho

Madagascar:
Malagasy Ofisialy, Malagasy Fitenim-Paritra

Malawi:
English, Chichewa, Chiyao, Chitumbuka

Mali:
Frenchm Bambara, Sonrhaï, Tamasheq, Peuhl

Mozambique:
Portuguese, Emakhuwa, Xichangana, Cisena, Cinyanja, Echuwabu, Cinyungwe

Namibia:
English, Afrikaans, Oshiwambo

Nigeria:
English, Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo, Pidgin, Tiv, Ibibio, Ijaw

Senegal:
French, Wolof, Pulaar, Serer

South Africa:
Afrikaans, English, Xhosa, North Sotho, South Sotho, Setswana, Swazi, Shangaan, Zulu

Tanzania:
Kiswahili

Uganda:
English, Luganda, Lusoga, Luo, Ruyankole, Rutoro, Rukiga, Ateso, Lugbara

Zambia:
English, Chibemba, Chinyanja, Chitonga, Silozi

Zimbabwe:
English, Chishona, Sindebele
Data Collectors
Name
Afrobarometer Project

Questionnaires

Questionnaires
The questionnaire for Round 7 addressed country-specific issues, but many of the same questions were asked across surveys. The survey instruments were not standardized across all countries and the following features should be noted:

• In the seven countries that originally formed the Southern Africa Barometer (SAB) - Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe - a standardized questionnaire was used, so question wording and response categories are the generally the same for all of these countries. The questionnaires in Mali and Tanzania were also essentially identical (in the original English version). Ghana, Uganda and Nigeria each had distinct questionnaires.

• This merged dataset combines, into a single variable, responses from across these different countries where either identical or very similar questions were used, or where conceptually equivalent questions can be found in at least nine of the different countries. For each variable, the exact question text from each of the countries or groups of countries ("SAB" refers to the Southern Africa Barometer countries) is listed.

• Response options also varied on some questions, and where applicable, these differences are also noted.

Access policy

Contacts
Name Affiliation Email
For general inquiries Afrobarometer bhoward@afrobarometer.org
For general inquiries Afrobarometer snkomo@afrobarometer.org
For data Afrobarometer datarequests@afrobarometer.org
Access conditions
Public use files, available to all
Citation requirements
Afrobarometer data are protected by copyright. Authors of any published work based on Afrobarometer data or papers are required to acknowledge the source, including, where applicable, citations to data sets posted on this website. Please acknowledge the copyright holders in all publications resulting from its use by means of bibliographic citation in this form:

Afrobarometer Data, [Country(ies)], [Round(s)], [Year(s)], available at http://www.afrobarometer.org.

Disclaimer and copyrights

Disclaimer
The user of the data acknowledges that the original collector of the data, the authorized distributor of the data, and the relevant funding agency bear no responsibility for use of the data or for interpretations or inferences based upon such uses.

Metadata production

DDI Document ID
DDI_AFR_2019_AFB-MR7_v02_M
Producers
Name Abbreviation Affiliation Role
DataFirst University of Cape Town DDI producer
Development Economics Data Group DECDG The World Bank Metadata adapted for Microdata Library
Date of Metadata Production
2020-07-27
DDI Document version
DDI Document - Version 02 - (04/27/21)
This version is identical to DDI_AFR_2019_AFB-MR7_v01_M but country field has been updated to capture all the countries covered by survey.

Version 01 (February 2021). The study metadata has been adopted from same study published on DataFirst website.
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