Air Pollution in World Cities 2000, PM10 Concentrations
Afghanistan, Angola, Albania, Andorra, Netherlands Antilles, United Arab Emirates, Argentina, Armenia, Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, Austria, A..., 1999 - 2000
Kiran D. Pandey, David R. Wheeler, Uwe Deichmann, Kirk E. Hamilton, Bart Ostro and Katie Bolt
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April 26, 2021
Last modified
April 26, 2021
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Identification
Survey ID Number
WLD_2000_APWC_v01_M
Title
Air Pollution in World Cities 2000, PM10 Concentrations
Subtitle
PM10 Concentrations
Country
| Name | Country code |
|---|---|
| Afghanistan | AFG |
| Angola | AGO |
| Albania | ALB |
| Andorra | AND |
| Netherlands Antilles | ANT |
| United Arab Emirates | ARE |
| Argentina | ARG |
| Armenia | ARM |
| Antigua and Barbuda | ATG |
| Australia | AUS |
| Austria | AUT |
| Azerbaijan | AZE |
| Burundi | BDI |
| Belgium | BEL |
| Benin | BEN |
| Burkina Faso | BFA |
| Bulgaria | BGR |
| Bahrain | BHR |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | BIH |
| Bolivia | BOL |
| Brazil | BRA |
| Barbados | BRB |
| Bhutan | BTN |
| Central African Republic | CAF |
| Canada | CAN |
| Switzerland | CHE |
| Chile | CHL |
| China | CHN |
| Cameroon | CMR |
| Congo, Rep. | COG |
| Congo, Rep. | COG |
| Comoros | COM |
| Costa Rica | CRI |
| Cuba | CUB |
| Cyprus | CYP |
| Germany | DEU |
| Dominica | DMA |
| Denmark | DNK |
| Dominican Republic | DOM |
| Algeria | DZA |
| Ecuador | ECU |
| Egypt, Arab Rep. | EGY |
| Spain | ESP |
| Estonia | EST |
| Ethiopia | ETH |
| Finland | FIN |
| Fiji | FJI |
| France | FRA |
| Gabon | GAB |
| United Kingdom | GBR |
| Georgia | GEO |
| Ghana | GHA |
| Guinea | GIN |
| Guinea-Bissau | GNB |
| Greece | GRC |
| Grenada | GRD |
| Guatemala | GTM |
| Guyana | GUY |
| Hong Kong SAR, China | HKG |
| Honduras | HND |
| Croatia | HRV |
| Haiti | HTI |
| Hungary | HUN |
| Indonesia | IDN |
| India | IND |
| Ireland | IRL |
| Iraq | IRQ |
| Iceland | ISL |
| Israel | ISR |
| Italy | ITA |
| Jamaica | JAM |
| Jordan | JOR |
| Japan | JPN |
| Kazakhstan | KAZ |
| Kenya | KEN |
| Cambodia | KHM |
| St. Kitts and Nevis | KNA |
| Korea, Rep. | KOR |
| Kuwait | KWT |
| Lao PDR | LAO |
| Liberia | LBR |
| St. Lucia | LCA |
| Liechtenstein | LIE |
| Sri Lanka | LKA |
| Lesotho | LSO |
| Lithuania | LTU |
| Latvia | LVA |
| Macao SAR, China | MAC |
| Morocco | MAR |
| Moldova | MDA |
| Madagascar | MDG |
| Maldives | MDV |
| Mexico | MEX |
| North Macedonia | MKD |
| Mali | MLI |
| Myanmar | MMR |
| Montenegro | MNE |
| Mongolia | MNG |
| Mozambique | MOZ |
| Mauritania | MRT |
| Malawi | MWI |
| Malaysia | MYS |
| Namibia | NAM |
| New Caledonia | NCL |
| Niger | NER |
| Nigeria | NGA |
| Nicaragua | NIC |
| Netherlands | NLD |
| New Zealand | NZL |
| Oman | OMN |
| Pakistan | PAK |
| Panama | PAN |
| Peru | PER |
| Philippines | PHL |
| Papua New Guinea | PNG |
| Poland | POL |
| Puerto Rico | PRI |
| Portugal | PRT |
| Paraguay | PRY |
| Qatar | QAT |
| Romania | ROU |
| Russian Federation | RUS |
| Rwanda | RWA |
| Saudi Arabia | SAU |
| Sudan | SDN |
| Senegal | SEN |
| Singapore | SGP |
| Solomon Islands | SLB |
| Sierra Leone | SLE |
| El Salvador | SLV |
| Somalia | SOM |
| Serbia | SRB |
| Sao Tome and Principe | STP |
| Suriname | SUR |
| Slovak Republic | SVK |
| Slovenia | SVN |
| Sweden | SWE |
| Eswatini | SWZ |
| Syrian Arab Republic | SYR |
| Togo | TGO |
| Thailand | THA |
| Tajikistan | TJK |
| Turkmenistan | TKM |
| Trinidad and Tobago | TTO |
| Tunisia | TUN |
| Turkey | TUR |
| Tanzania | TZA |
| Uganda | UGA |
| Ukraine | UKR |
| Uruguay | URY |
| United States | USA |
| Uzbekistan | UZB |
| St. Vincent & Grenadines | VCT |
| Venezuela, RB | VEN |
| Virgin Islands (U.S.) | VIR |
| Vietnam | VNM |
| Vanuatu | VUT |
| South Africa | ZAF |
| Zambia | ZMB |
| Zimbabwe | ZWE |
| Yugoslavia Fed. Rep. | YUG |
Study type
Macroeconomics - Indicators
Abstract
Polluted air is a major health hazard in developing countries. Improvements in pollution monitoring and statistical techniques during the last several decades have steadily enhanced the ability to measure the health effects of air pollution. Current methods can detect significant increases in the incidence of cardiopulmonary and respiratory diseases, coughing, bronchitis, and lung cancer, as well as premature deaths from these diseases resulting from elevated concentrations of ambient Particulate Matter (Holgate 1999).
Scarce public resources have limited the monitoring of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) concentrations in developing countries, despite their large potential health effects. As a result, policymakers in many developing countries remain uncertain about the exposure of their residents to PM air pollution. The Global Model of Ambient Particulates (GMAPS) is an attempt to bridge this information gap through an econometrically estimated model for predicting PM levels in world cities (Pandey et al. forthcoming).
The estimation model is based on the latest available monitored PM pollution data from the World Health Organization, supplemented by data from other reliable sources. The current model can be used to estimate PM levels in urban residential areas and non-residential pollution hotspots. The results of the model are used to project annual average ambient PM concentrations for residential and non-residential areas in 3,226 world cities with populations larger than 100,000, as well as national capitals.
The study finds wide, systematic variations in ambient PM concentrations, both across world cities and over time. PM concentrations have risen at a slower rate than total emissions. Overall emission levels have been rising, especially for poorer countries, at nearly 6 percent per year. PM concentrations have not increased by as much, due to improvements in technology and structural shifts in the world economy. Additionally, within-country variations in PM levels can diverge greatly (by a factor of 5 in some cases), because of the direct and indirect effects of geo-climatic factors.
The primary determinants of PM concentrations are the scale and composition of economic activity, population, the energy mix, the strength of local pollution regulation, and geographic and atmospheric conditions that affect pollutant dispersion in the atmosphere.
Scarce public resources have limited the monitoring of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) concentrations in developing countries, despite their large potential health effects. As a result, policymakers in many developing countries remain uncertain about the exposure of their residents to PM air pollution. The Global Model of Ambient Particulates (GMAPS) is an attempt to bridge this information gap through an econometrically estimated model for predicting PM levels in world cities (Pandey et al. forthcoming).
The estimation model is based on the latest available monitored PM pollution data from the World Health Organization, supplemented by data from other reliable sources. The current model can be used to estimate PM levels in urban residential areas and non-residential pollution hotspots. The results of the model are used to project annual average ambient PM concentrations for residential and non-residential areas in 3,226 world cities with populations larger than 100,000, as well as national capitals.
The study finds wide, systematic variations in ambient PM concentrations, both across world cities and over time. PM concentrations have risen at a slower rate than total emissions. Overall emission levels have been rising, especially for poorer countries, at nearly 6 percent per year. PM concentrations have not increased by as much, due to improvements in technology and structural shifts in the world economy. Additionally, within-country variations in PM levels can diverge greatly (by a factor of 5 in some cases), because of the direct and indirect effects of geo-climatic factors.
The primary determinants of PM concentrations are the scale and composition of economic activity, population, the energy mix, the strength of local pollution regulation, and geographic and atmospheric conditions that affect pollutant dispersion in the atmosphere.
Kind of Data
Observation data/ratings [obs]
Scope
Notes
The dataset includes the followings:
- Urban population
- PM10 concentration level
- Urban population
- PM10 concentration level
Coverage
Geographic Coverage
The database covers the following countries:
Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
Andorra
Angola
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahamas, The
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belarus
Belgium
Belize
Benin
Bhutan
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Brazil
Brunei
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Cayman Islands
Central African Republic
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Comoros
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Congo, Rep.
Costa Rica
Cote d'Ivoire
Croatia
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt, Arab Rep.
El Salvador
Eritrea
Estonia
Ethiopia
Faeroe Islands
Fiji
Finland
France
Gabon
Gambia, The
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Grenada
Guatemala
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Hong Kong, China
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran, Islamic Rep.
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Korea, Dem. Rep.
Korea, Rep.
Kuwait
Kyrgyz Republic
Lao PDR
Latvia
Lebanon
Lesotho
Liberia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macao, China
Macedonia, FYR
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Mauritania
Mexico
Moldova
Mongolia
Morocco
Mozambique
Myanmar
Namibia
Nepal
Netherlands
Netherlands Antilles
New Caledonia
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Norway
Oman
Pakistan
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Puerto Rico
Qatar
Romania
Russian Federation
Rwanda
Sao Tome and Principe
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
Somalia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
St. Kitts and Nevis
St. Lucia
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Sudan
Suriname
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland
Syrian Arab Republic
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Togo
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Venezuela, RB
Vietnam
Virgin Islands (U.S.)
Yemen, Rep.
Yugoslavia, FR (Serbia/Montenegro)
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
Andorra
Angola
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahamas, The
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belarus
Belgium
Belize
Benin
Bhutan
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Brazil
Brunei
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Cayman Islands
Central African Republic
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Comoros
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Congo, Rep.
Costa Rica
Cote d'Ivoire
Croatia
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt, Arab Rep.
El Salvador
Eritrea
Estonia
Ethiopia
Faeroe Islands
Fiji
Finland
France
Gabon
Gambia, The
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Grenada
Guatemala
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Hong Kong, China
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran, Islamic Rep.
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Korea, Dem. Rep.
Korea, Rep.
Kuwait
Kyrgyz Republic
Lao PDR
Latvia
Lebanon
Lesotho
Liberia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macao, China
Macedonia, FYR
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Mauritania
Mexico
Moldova
Mongolia
Morocco
Mozambique
Myanmar
Namibia
Nepal
Netherlands
Netherlands Antilles
New Caledonia
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Norway
Oman
Pakistan
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Puerto Rico
Qatar
Romania
Russian Federation
Rwanda
Sao Tome and Principe
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
Somalia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
St. Kitts and Nevis
St. Lucia
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Sudan
Suriname
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland
Syrian Arab Republic
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Togo
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Venezuela, RB
Vietnam
Virgin Islands (U.S.)
Yemen, Rep.
Yugoslavia, FR (Serbia/Montenegro)
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Producers and sponsors
Primary investigators
| Name |
|---|
| Kiran D. Pandey, David R. Wheeler, Uwe Deichmann, Kirk E. Hamilton, Bart Ostro and Katie Bolt |
Data Collection
Dates of Data Collection
| Start | End | Cycle |
|---|---|---|
| 1999 | 1999 | Pollution data |
| 2000 | 2000 | Population data |
Time periods
| Start date | End date |
|---|---|
| 1999 | 2000 |
Data Collection Mode
Other [oth]
Access policy
Contacts
| Name | Affiliation | URL | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Development Research Group | World Bank | research@worldbank.org | http://go.worldbank.org/B9W4QTDHR0 |
Citation requirements
Use of the dataset must be acknowledged using a citation which would include:
- the Identification of the Primary Investigator
- the title of the survey (including acronym and year of implementation)
- the survey reference number
- the source and date of download
Example:
Kiran Dev Pandey et al. Air Pollution in World Cities (APWC) 2000. Ref. WLD_2000_APWC_v01_M. Dataset downloaded from http://microdata.worldbank.org on [date].
- the Identification of the Primary Investigator
- the title of the survey (including acronym and year of implementation)
- the survey reference number
- the source and date of download
Example:
Kiran Dev Pandey et al. Air Pollution in World Cities (APWC) 2000. Ref. WLD_2000_APWC_v01_M. Dataset downloaded from http://microdata.worldbank.org on [date].
Disclaimer and copyrights
Disclaimer
The user of the data acknowledges that the original collector of the data, the authorized distributor of the data, and the relevant funding agency bear no responsibility for use of the data or for interpretations or inferences based upon such uses.
Metadata production
DDI Document ID
DDI_WLD_2000_APWC_v02_M
Date of Metadata Production
2010-11-14
DDI Document version
DDI Document - Version 02 - (04/21/21)
This version is identical to DDI_WLD_2000_APWC_v01_M but country field has been updated to capture all the countries covered by survey.
Version 01 (September 2010)
This version is identical to DDI_WLD_2000_APWC_v01_M but country field has been updated to capture all the countries covered by survey.
Version 01 (September 2010)