Enterprise Survey 2007
South Africa, 2007
World Bank
Identification
Survey ID Number
ZAF_2007_ES_v01_M_WB
Title
Enterprise Survey 2007
Country
| Name | Country code |
|---|---|
| South Africa | ZAF |
Study type
Enterprise Survey [en/oth]
Series Information
An Enterprise Survey is a firm-level survey of a representative sample of an economy's private sector. Firm-level surveys have been conducted since 2002 by different units within the World Bank. Since 2005-06, most data collection efforts have been centralized within the Enterprise Analysis Unit. Data is used to create indicators that benchmark the quality of the business and investment climate across countries.
Abstract
The South Africa Enterprise Survey was conducted between January and December 2007. Data from 1057 establishments in private manufacturing and services sectors were analyzed. The sample included enterprises with more than four employees (937 companies) as well as micro firms, establishments with less than 5 workers, (120 observations). The survey targeted establishments in Johannesburg, Cape Town, Port Elizabeth and Durban.
The objective of the survey is to obtain feedback from enterprises in client countries on the state of the private sector as well as to help in building a panel of enterprise data that will make it possible to track changes in the business environment over time, thus allowing, for example, impact assessments of reforms. Through interviews with firms in the manufacturing and services sectors, the survey assesses the constraints to private sector growth and creates statistically significant business environment indicators that are comparable across countries.
The standard Enterprise Survey topics include firm characteristics, gender participation, access to finance, annual sales, costs of inputs/labor, workforce composition, bribery, licensing, infrastructure, trade, crime, competition, capacity utilization, land and permits, taxation, informality, business-government relations, innovation and technology, and performance measures. Over 90% of the questions objectively ascertain characteristics of a country’s business environment. The remaining questions assess the survey respondents’ opinions on what are the obstacles to firm growth and performance. The mode of data collection is face-to-face interviews.
The objective of the survey is to obtain feedback from enterprises in client countries on the state of the private sector as well as to help in building a panel of enterprise data that will make it possible to track changes in the business environment over time, thus allowing, for example, impact assessments of reforms. Through interviews with firms in the manufacturing and services sectors, the survey assesses the constraints to private sector growth and creates statistically significant business environment indicators that are comparable across countries.
The standard Enterprise Survey topics include firm characteristics, gender participation, access to finance, annual sales, costs of inputs/labor, workforce composition, bribery, licensing, infrastructure, trade, crime, competition, capacity utilization, land and permits, taxation, informality, business-government relations, innovation and technology, and performance measures. Over 90% of the questions objectively ascertain characteristics of a country’s business environment. The remaining questions assess the survey respondents’ opinions on what are the obstacles to firm growth and performance. The mode of data collection is face-to-face interviews.
Kind of Data
Sample survey data [ssd]
Unit of Analysis
The primary sampling unit of the study is the establishment. An establishment is a physical location where business is carried out and where industrial operations take place or services are provided. A firm may be composed of one or more establishments. For example, a brewery may have several bottling plants and several establishments for distribution. For the purposes of this survey an establishment must make its own financial decisions and have its own financial statements separate from those of the firm. An establishment must also have its own management and control over its payroll.
Coverage
Geographic Coverage
National
Universe
The whole population, or the universe, covered in the Enterprise Surveys is the non-agricultural economy. It comprises: all manufacturing sectors according to the ISIC Revision 3.1 group classification (group D), construction sector (group F), services sector (groups G and H), and transport, storage, and communications sector (group I). Note that this population definition excludes the following sectors: financial intermediation (group J), real estate and renting activities (group K, except sub-sector 72, IT, which was added to the population under study), and all public or utilities sectors.
Producers and sponsors
Primary investigators
| Name |
|---|
| World Bank |
Funding Agency/Sponsor
| Name |
|---|
| World Bank |
Sampling
Sampling Procedure
The South Africa Enterprise Survey 2007 included enterprises with more than four employees as well as micro establishments, firms with less than five workers. There are 120 micro establishments in the sample.
The sample for enterprises with more than four employees was designed using stratified random sampling with strata defined by region, sector and firm size.
Establishments located in Johannesburg, Cape Town, Port Elizabeth and Durban were interviewed.
Following the ISIC (revision 3.1) classification, the following industries were targeted: all manufacturing sectors (group D), construction (group F), retail and wholesale services (subgroups 52 and 51 of group G), hotels and restaurants (group H), transport, storage, and communications (group I), and computer and related activities (sub-group 72 of group K). For establishments with five or more full-time permanent paid employees, this universe was stratified according to the following categories of industry:
1. Manufacturing: Food and Beverages (Group D, sub-group 15), Machinery and Equipment (Group D, sub-group 29), Electrical Machinery and Equipment (Group D, sub-group 31);
2. Manufacturing: Textiles (Group D, sub-group 17), Garment (Group D, sub-group 18), Leather and Footwear (Group D, sub-group 19), Paper and Paper Products (Group D, sub-group 21), Printing and Publishing (Group D, sub-group 22);
3. Manufacturing: Non-Metallic Mineral Products (Group D, sub-group 26), Basic Metals (Group D, sub-group 27), Fabricated Metal Products (Group D, sub-group 28);
4. Manufacturing: Wood and Wood Products (Group D, sub-group 20), Furniture (Group D, sub-group 36)
5. Manufacturing: Refined Petroleum Products (Group D, sub-group 23), Chemical Products (Group D, sub-group 24), Rubber and Plastics (Group D, sub-group 25)
6. Retail Trade: (Group G, sub-group 52);
7. Rest of the universe, including:
• Other Manufacturing (Group D excluding sub-groups in strata 1-5);
• Construction (Group F);
• Wholesale trade (Group G, sub-group 51);
• Hotels, bars and restaurants (Group H);
• Transportation, storage and communications (Group I);
• Computer related activities (Group K, sub-group 72).
Size stratification was defined following the standardized definition used for the Enterprise Surveys: small (5 to 19 employees), medium (20 to 99 employees), and large (more than 99 employees). For stratification purposes, the number of employees was defined on the basis of reported permanent full-time workers.
The implementing agency (EEC Canada) was unable to obtain a satisfactory sample frame from South African statistical agency (STASA) or its Department of Revenue. The best alternative solution was a list obtained from the Department of Trade and Industry Companies and Intellectual Property Registration Office (CIPRO), which contained about 800000 establishments when delineating in-scope cities and industries, but which had incomplete firm characteristics necessary for stratification purposes (e.g. contact information, size). In order to determine the sample frame, EEC Canada randomly drew 9550 units and contacted them.
In South Africa, the survey included panel data collected from establishments surveyed in the 2003 Investment Climate Survey (ICS) of South Africa. That survey included establishments in the manufacturing and the rest of universe strata, distributed across Gauteng (Johannesburg), KwaZulu Natal (Durban), Western Cape (Cape Town) and Eastern Cape (Port Elizabeth) provinces.
In order to collect the largest possible set of panel data, an attempt was made to contact and survey valid establishments (579) in the panel list provided which was part of the Enterprise Survey's scope. Of the 716 establishments provided to EEC Canada from those surveyed in 2003, there were 35 doubles, 8 out-of-scope, 89 excluded from this survey by The World Bank to avoid over representing Construction in a single Residual stratum, and 5 with undefined ISIC codes. This left a total potential of 579 panel establishments. EEC Canada surveyed 231 panel establishments or 40% of the total potential panels without eliminating those establishments which had closed. Once eliminated, this percentage coverage exceeded 55%. Given the non-random nature of panel establishment selection, these establishments are not allocated probability weights in the final dataset.
In this survey, the micro establishment stratum covers all establishments of the targeted categories of economic activity with less than 5 employees located in Johannesburg. The implementing agency selected an aerial sampling approach to estimate the population of establishments and select the sample in this stratum for all states of the survey.
First, to randomly select individual micro establishments for surveying, the following procedure was followed: i) select districts and specific zones of each district where there was a high concentration of micro establishments; ii) count all micro establishments in these specific zones; iii) based on this count, create a virtual list and select establishments at random from that virtual list; and iv) based on the ratio between the number selected in each specific zone and the total population in that zone, create and apply a skip rule for selecting establishments in that zone.
The districts and the specific zones were selected at first according to local sources. The EEC team then went in the field to verify the sources and to count micro establishments. Once the count for each zone was completed, the numbers were sent back to EEC head office in Montreal.
At the head office, the count by zone was converted into one list of sequential numbers for the whole survey region, and a computer program performed a random selection of the determined number of establishments from the list. Then, based on the number that the computer selected in each specific zone, a skip rule was defined to select micro establishments to survey in that zone. The skip rule for each zone was sent back to the EEC field team.
In Johannesburg, enumerators were sent to each zone with instructions how to apply the skip rule defined for that zone as well as how to select replacements in the event of a refusal or other cause of non-participation.
For complete information about sampling methodology, refusal rate and weighting please review "South Africa Enterprise Survey 2007 Implementation Report" in "Technical Documents" folder.
The sample for enterprises with more than four employees was designed using stratified random sampling with strata defined by region, sector and firm size.
Establishments located in Johannesburg, Cape Town, Port Elizabeth and Durban were interviewed.
Following the ISIC (revision 3.1) classification, the following industries were targeted: all manufacturing sectors (group D), construction (group F), retail and wholesale services (subgroups 52 and 51 of group G), hotels and restaurants (group H), transport, storage, and communications (group I), and computer and related activities (sub-group 72 of group K). For establishments with five or more full-time permanent paid employees, this universe was stratified according to the following categories of industry:
1. Manufacturing: Food and Beverages (Group D, sub-group 15), Machinery and Equipment (Group D, sub-group 29), Electrical Machinery and Equipment (Group D, sub-group 31);
2. Manufacturing: Textiles (Group D, sub-group 17), Garment (Group D, sub-group 18), Leather and Footwear (Group D, sub-group 19), Paper and Paper Products (Group D, sub-group 21), Printing and Publishing (Group D, sub-group 22);
3. Manufacturing: Non-Metallic Mineral Products (Group D, sub-group 26), Basic Metals (Group D, sub-group 27), Fabricated Metal Products (Group D, sub-group 28);
4. Manufacturing: Wood and Wood Products (Group D, sub-group 20), Furniture (Group D, sub-group 36)
5. Manufacturing: Refined Petroleum Products (Group D, sub-group 23), Chemical Products (Group D, sub-group 24), Rubber and Plastics (Group D, sub-group 25)
6. Retail Trade: (Group G, sub-group 52);
7. Rest of the universe, including:
• Other Manufacturing (Group D excluding sub-groups in strata 1-5);
• Construction (Group F);
• Wholesale trade (Group G, sub-group 51);
• Hotels, bars and restaurants (Group H);
• Transportation, storage and communications (Group I);
• Computer related activities (Group K, sub-group 72).
Size stratification was defined following the standardized definition used for the Enterprise Surveys: small (5 to 19 employees), medium (20 to 99 employees), and large (more than 99 employees). For stratification purposes, the number of employees was defined on the basis of reported permanent full-time workers.
The implementing agency (EEC Canada) was unable to obtain a satisfactory sample frame from South African statistical agency (STASA) or its Department of Revenue. The best alternative solution was a list obtained from the Department of Trade and Industry Companies and Intellectual Property Registration Office (CIPRO), which contained about 800000 establishments when delineating in-scope cities and industries, but which had incomplete firm characteristics necessary for stratification purposes (e.g. contact information, size). In order to determine the sample frame, EEC Canada randomly drew 9550 units and contacted them.
In South Africa, the survey included panel data collected from establishments surveyed in the 2003 Investment Climate Survey (ICS) of South Africa. That survey included establishments in the manufacturing and the rest of universe strata, distributed across Gauteng (Johannesburg), KwaZulu Natal (Durban), Western Cape (Cape Town) and Eastern Cape (Port Elizabeth) provinces.
In order to collect the largest possible set of panel data, an attempt was made to contact and survey valid establishments (579) in the panel list provided which was part of the Enterprise Survey's scope. Of the 716 establishments provided to EEC Canada from those surveyed in 2003, there were 35 doubles, 8 out-of-scope, 89 excluded from this survey by The World Bank to avoid over representing Construction in a single Residual stratum, and 5 with undefined ISIC codes. This left a total potential of 579 panel establishments. EEC Canada surveyed 231 panel establishments or 40% of the total potential panels without eliminating those establishments which had closed. Once eliminated, this percentage coverage exceeded 55%. Given the non-random nature of panel establishment selection, these establishments are not allocated probability weights in the final dataset.
In this survey, the micro establishment stratum covers all establishments of the targeted categories of economic activity with less than 5 employees located in Johannesburg. The implementing agency selected an aerial sampling approach to estimate the population of establishments and select the sample in this stratum for all states of the survey.
First, to randomly select individual micro establishments for surveying, the following procedure was followed: i) select districts and specific zones of each district where there was a high concentration of micro establishments; ii) count all micro establishments in these specific zones; iii) based on this count, create a virtual list and select establishments at random from that virtual list; and iv) based on the ratio between the number selected in each specific zone and the total population in that zone, create and apply a skip rule for selecting establishments in that zone.
The districts and the specific zones were selected at first according to local sources. The EEC team then went in the field to verify the sources and to count micro establishments. Once the count for each zone was completed, the numbers were sent back to EEC head office in Montreal.
At the head office, the count by zone was converted into one list of sequential numbers for the whole survey region, and a computer program performed a random selection of the determined number of establishments from the list. Then, based on the number that the computer selected in each specific zone, a skip rule was defined to select micro establishments to survey in that zone. The skip rule for each zone was sent back to the EEC field team.
In Johannesburg, enumerators were sent to each zone with instructions how to apply the skip rule defined for that zone as well as how to select replacements in the event of a refusal or other cause of non-participation.
For complete information about sampling methodology, refusal rate and weighting please review "South Africa Enterprise Survey 2007 Implementation Report" in "Technical Documents" folder.
Response Rate
For complete information about sampling methodology, refusal rate and weighting, please review "South Africa Enterprise Survey 2007 Implementation Report" in "Technical Documents" folder.
Weighting
For complete information about sampling methodology, refusal rate and weighting, please review "South Africa Enterprise Survey 2007 Implementation Report" in "Technical Documents" folder.
Data Collection
Dates of Data Collection
| Start | End |
|---|---|
| 2007-01 | 2007-12 |
Data Collection Mode
Face-to-face [f2f]
Data Collection Notes
Private contractors conduct the Enterprise Surveys on behalf of the World Bank. Due to sensitive survey questions addressing business-government relations and corruption-related topics, private contractors are preferred over any government agency or an organization/institution associated with government, and are hired by the World Bank to collect the data.
The Enterprise Surveys are usually implemented following a two-stage procedure. In the first stage, a screener questionnaire is applied over the phone to determine eligibility and to make appointments; in the second stage, a face-to-face interview takes place with the Manager/Owner/Director of each establishment. Sometimes the survey respondent calls company accountants and human resource managers into the interview to answer questions in the sales and labor sections of the survey.
All Enterprise Surveys are conducted in the local languages.
The Enterprise Surveys are usually implemented following a two-stage procedure. In the first stage, a screener questionnaire is applied over the phone to determine eligibility and to make appointments; in the second stage, a face-to-face interview takes place with the Manager/Owner/Director of each establishment. Sometimes the survey respondent calls company accountants and human resource managers into the interview to answer questions in the sales and labor sections of the survey.
All Enterprise Surveys are conducted in the local languages.
Data Collectors
| Name | Abbreviation |
|---|---|
| Etude Economique Conseil | EEC Canada |
Questionnaires
Questionnaires
The current survey instruments are available:
- Core Questionnaire + Manufacturing Module [ISIC Rev.3.1: 15-37]
- Core Questionnaire + Retail Module [ISIC Rev.3.1: 52]
- Core Questionnaire [ISIC Rev.3.1: 45, 50, 51, 55, 60-64, 72]
- Micro Establishments Questionnaire (for establishments with 1 to 4 employees)
- Combined Questionnaire.
The "Core Questionnaire" is the heart of the Enterprise Survey and contains the survey questions asked of all firms across the world. There are also two other survey instruments - the "Core Questionnaire + Manufacturing Module" and the "Core Questionnaire + Retail Module." The survey is fielded via three instruments in order to not ask questions that are irrelevant to specific types of firms, e.g. a question that relates to production and nonproduction workers should not be asked of a retail firm. In addition to questions that are asked across countries, all surveys are customized and contain country-specific questions. An example of customization would be including tourism-related questions that are asked in certain countries when tourism is an existing or potential sector of economic growth.
The survey topics include firm characteristics, gender participation, access to finance, annual sales, costs of inputs/labor, workforce composition, bribery, licensing, infrastructure, trade, crime, competition, capacity utilization, land and permits, taxation, informality, business-government relations, innovation and technology, registration, and performance measures. The questionnaire also assesses the survey respondents' opinions on what are the obstacles to firm growth and performance.
- Core Questionnaire + Manufacturing Module [ISIC Rev.3.1: 15-37]
- Core Questionnaire + Retail Module [ISIC Rev.3.1: 52]
- Core Questionnaire [ISIC Rev.3.1: 45, 50, 51, 55, 60-64, 72]
- Micro Establishments Questionnaire (for establishments with 1 to 4 employees)
- Combined Questionnaire.
The "Core Questionnaire" is the heart of the Enterprise Survey and contains the survey questions asked of all firms across the world. There are also two other survey instruments - the "Core Questionnaire + Manufacturing Module" and the "Core Questionnaire + Retail Module." The survey is fielded via three instruments in order to not ask questions that are irrelevant to specific types of firms, e.g. a question that relates to production and nonproduction workers should not be asked of a retail firm. In addition to questions that are asked across countries, all surveys are customized and contain country-specific questions. An example of customization would be including tourism-related questions that are asked in certain countries when tourism is an existing or potential sector of economic growth.
The survey topics include firm characteristics, gender participation, access to finance, annual sales, costs of inputs/labor, workforce composition, bribery, licensing, infrastructure, trade, crime, competition, capacity utilization, land and permits, taxation, informality, business-government relations, innovation and technology, registration, and performance measures. The questionnaire also assesses the survey respondents' opinions on what are the obstacles to firm growth and performance.
Access policy
Contacts
| enterprisesurveys@worldbank.org |
Confidentiality
Confidentiality of the survey respondents and the sensitive information they provide is necessary to ensure the greatest degree of survey participation, integrity and confidence in the quality of the data. Surveys are usually carried out in cooperation with business organizations and government agencies promoting job creation and economic growth, but confidentiality is never compromised.
Access conditions
Aggregate indicators based on Enterprise Survey data are available to the public at https://www.enterprisesurveys.org
Firm-level data is also available to the public free-of-charge. In order to access the data, users must agree to abide by a strict confidentiality agreement available through Enterprise Analysis Unit website by clicking on "External users register here" at https://www.enterprisesurveys.org/Portal
Firm-level data is also available to the public free-of-charge. In order to access the data, users must agree to abide by a strict confidentiality agreement available through Enterprise Analysis Unit website by clicking on "External users register here" at https://www.enterprisesurveys.org/Portal
Citation requirements
Where necessary please site the source as "Enterprise Analysis Unit - World Bank Group https://www.enterprisesurveys.org"
Disclaimer and copyrights
Disclaimer
The user of the data acknowledges that the original collector of the data, the authorized distributor of the data, and the relevant funding agency bear no responsibility for use of the data or for interpretations or inferences based upon such uses.
Metadata production
DDI Document ID
DDI_ZAF_2007_ES_v01_M_WB
Producers
| Name |
|---|
| Antonina Redko |
DDI Document version
Version 01