Water and Sanitation Impact Evaluation 2015-2019
Baseline and Endline Survey

Kenya, 2015 - 2019

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Reference ID

KEN_2015-2019_WASHIE_v01_M

DOI

https://doi.org/10.48529/1ma0-aq31

Producer(s)

Aidan Coville, Sebastian Galiani, Paul Gertler

Collection(s)

The Strategic Impact Evaluation Fund (SIEF) Impact Evaluation Surveys

Metadata

Documentation in PDF DDI/XML JSON

Created on

Aug 19, 2025

Last modified

Aug 19, 2025

Page views

13348

Downloads

371

Identification

Survey ID number

KEN_2015-2019_WASHIE_v01_M

Title

Water and Sanitation Impact Evaluation 2015-2019

Subtitle

Baseline and Endline Survey

Country/Economy

Name	Country code
Kenya	KEN

Study type

Other Household Survey [hh/oth]

Series Information

There are 3 rounds for this survey: Baseline Tenant and Property Owner survey (September 2015 - March 2017), Property Owner Listing (August - September 2018), and Endline property owner survey and tenant survey (August - October 2019).

Abstract

We estimate the impacts of two interventions implemented as field experiments in informal settlements by Nairobi’s water and sanitation utility to improve revenue collection efficiency and last mile connection loan repayment: (i) face-to-face engagement between utility staff and customers to encourage payment and (ii) contract enforcement for service disconnection due to nonpayment in the form of transparent and credible disconnection notices. While we find no effect of the engagement, we find large effects of enforcement on payment. We also find no effect on access to water, perceptions of utility fairness or quality of service delivery, on the relationships between tenants and property owners, or on tenant mental well-being nine months after the intervention. To counterbalance the increase in payments, property owners increased rental income by renting out additional space. Taken together these results suggest that transparent contract enforcement was effective at improving revenue collection efficiency without incurring large social or political costs.

Kind of Data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Unit of Analysis

Multi-dwelling compound
Landlord
Tenant

Version

Version Description

"Deidentified datasets for public distribution.

Replication files for ""Coville, Aidan, Sebastian Galiani, Paul Gertler, and Susumu Yoshida. Financing Municipal Water and Sanitation Services in Nairobi’s Informal Settlements. Review of Economics and Statistics. Forthcoming.” can be found in the GitHub repository: https://github.com/worldbank/nairobi-sanitation."

Scope

Notes

The scope of the survey includes:

Property owners: household and dwelling characteristics including rent, income sources, relationships and engagement between owners and tenants, self-reported willingness to pay measures, water sources, sanitation facilities, use, and practices, and socioeconomic characteristics.
Tenants: number of tenants, length of tenure, lease agreements, service payment methods, rental charges, existing compound infrastructure, income, engagement with other tenants and landlord and demographic details of the household.

Coverage

Geographic Coverage

Informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya

Producers and sponsors

Primary investigators

Name	Affiliation
Aidan Coville	World Bank
Sebastian Galiani	University of Maryland
Paul Gertler	University of California, Berkeley

Producers

Name	Affiliation
Susumu Yoshida	Green Climate Fund

Funding Agency/Sponsor

Name	Abbreviation
Strategic Impact Evaluation Fund	SIEF
Impact Evaluation to Development Impact	I2I
J-PAL Urban Services Initiative	USI
International Growth Center	IGC

Other Identifications/Acknowledgments

Name
Nairobi City Water and Sewerage Company staff including Nahashon Muguna, Jackson Munuve, Kagiri Gicheha, Jason Mwangi, Beldina Owade, Christine Machio, Paul Mwarania, Ephantus Mugo, Martin Nangole, Lucy Njambi, Daisy Nyaboke and Owen Wanjala
Christine Ochieng, Paul Mbanga, Wendy Ayres, Rajesh Advani, Jessica Lopez and Clifford Mwaura
Kenya Innovations for Poverty Action (IPA) team provided professional field support throughout the program, with particular thanks to Frank Odhiambo, Bonnyface Mwangi, Geoffrey Onyambu, John Paul Buleti, Allison Stone and Alice Kirungu
Amy Dolinger, Marco Valenza and Duncan Webb. DIME Analytics provided technical support throughout the analysis with Luiza Andrade conducting code reproducibility checks

Sampling

Sampling Procedure

Landlord listing: From the utility database of all informal settlement property owners, 595 accounts were first removed from the sample to act as a pure control comparison. The remaining property owners were first called to confirm contact details and receive the base intervention. Eligibility criteria into the study included: (i) property owners were able to be contacted and their contact details could be updated; (ii) their payment accounts were in arrears and (iii) property owners did not hold multiple accounts (multiple-property owners). All eligible property owners then received the basic information intervention and contact details were updated.

Follow up property owner survey: All property owners that were included as treatment or control for the contract enforcement intervention were to be surveyed.

Data collection

Dates of Data Collection

Start	End	Cycle
2015-09-01	2017-03-31	Baseline
2018-08-01	2018-09-30	Property owner listing survey
2019-08-01	2019-10-30	Endline survey

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Data Collectors

Name
Innovations for Poverty Action

Metadata production

DDI Document ID

DDI_KEN_2015-2019_WASHIE_v01_M_WB

Producers

Name	Abbreviation	Affiliation	Role
Development Economics Data Group	DECDG	The World Bank	Documentation of the DDI

Date of Metadata Production

2023-12-11

Metadata version

DDI Document version

Version 01 (December 2023)

Citation

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Water and Sanitation Impact Evaluation 2015-2019 Baseline and Endline Survey