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Young Lives: An International Study of Childhood Poverty 2006, Round 2

Ethiopia, India, Peru, Vietnam, 2006
Central
Boyden, J.
Created on April 26, 2021 Last modified April 26, 2021 Page views 5705 Download 6942 Documentation in PDF Study website Metadata DDI/XML JSON

Identification

Survey ID Number
WLD_2006_YLSCP-R2_v01_M
Title
Young Lives: An International Study of Childhood Poverty 2006, Round 2
Subtitle
Round 2
Country/Economy
Name Country code
Ethiopia ETH
India IND
Peru PER
Vietnam VNM
Study type
Other Household Survey [hh/oth]
Series Information
The Young Lives study is a panel study that aims to track the lives of 2,000 children in each country from age 6-17.9 month until they are 15 years old. The caregiver and, when the child is old enough, both the caregiver and the child will be interviewed every three to four years with a quantitative survey. The height and weight of each child will also be measured and community level questionnaires will be completed for each sentinel site at every data collection round.

Round 1 of the study followed 2,000 children (aged between 6 and 18 months in 2002) and their households, from both urban and rural communities, in each of the four countries (8,000 children in total). Data were also collected on an older cohort of 1,000 children aged 7 to 8 years in each country, in order to provide a basis for comparison with the younger children when they reach that age.

Round 2 of the study returned to the same children who were aged 1-year-old in Round 1 when they were aged approximately 5-years-old, and to the children aged 8-years-old in Round 1 when they were approximately 12-years-old.

Round 3 of the study returned to the same children again when they were aged 7 to 8 years (the same as the older cohort in Round 1) and 14 to 15 years. It is envisaged that subsequent survey waves will take place in 2013 and 2016. Thus the younger children are being tracked from infancy to their mid-teens and the older children through into adulthood, when some will become parents themselves.
Abstract
Young Lives: An International Study of Childhood Poverty is a collaborative project investigating the changing nature of childhood poverty in selected developing countries. The UK’s Department for International Development (DFID) is funding the first three-year phase of the project.

Young Lives involves collaboration between Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and the academic sector. In the UK, the project is being run by Save the Children-UK together with an academic consortium that comprises the University of Reading, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, South Bank University, the Institute of Development Studies at Sussex University and the South African Medical Research Council.

The study is being conducted in Ethiopia, India (in Andhra Pradesh), Peru and Vietnam. These countries were selected because they reflect a range of cultural, geographical and social contexts and experience differing issues facing the developing world; high debt burden, emergence from conflict, and vulnerability to environmental conditions such as drought and flood.

Objectives of the study
The Young Lives study has three broad objectives:
• producing good quality panel data about the changing nature of the lives of children in poverty.
• trace linkages between key policy changes and child poverty
• informing and responding to the needs of policy makers, planners and other stakeholders
There will also be a strong education and media element, both in the countries where the project takes place, and in the UK.

The study takes a broad approach to child poverty, exploring not only household economic indicators such as assets and wealth, but also child centred poverty measures such as the child’s physical and mental health, growth, development and education. These child centred measures are age specific so the information collected by the study will change as the children get older.

Further information about the survey, including publications, can be downloaded from the <a href='http://www.younglives.org.uk/'>Young Lives</a> website.
Kind of Data
Sample survey data [ssd]
Unit of Analysis
Individuals; Families/households

Version

Version Description
Edition History:
- For the original edition of the study (September 2011), data and documentation from Wave 2 were deposited.
- For the second edition (April 2014), the data files and accompanying data have been updated. The updates have been made as a result of ongoing cleaning associated with the collection of longitudinal data (i.e. checking the consistency of the data across rounds). Extensive work has also been done on updating the location variables of the children and a new variable has been added to the Round 2 (MVDTYPR2) and Round 3 (MVDTYPR3) data (see SN 6853) indicating if the child has moved between rounds. Updated PPVT scores and calculated variables have also been provided.

Scope

Notes
Main Topics:
This dataset comprises the data from the 5-year-olds' and 12-year-olds' household surveys and the 12-year-olds' child survey carried out in 2006. For each of the four countries the dataset contains files at the community, household and child level for both ages. The household/child level data file for the 12-year-olds' survey also includes data from the child questionnaire. In addition there are several files at lower levels (i.e. where there are several records per household). These include the household roster and activity schedules for livelihoods. The Peru community level data includes an additional file with community data covering new communities for children who have migrated.

Topics covered in the dataset include: community characteristics (environmental, social and economic); parental background; household education; livelihoods and asset framework; household food and non-food consumption and expenditure; social capital, economic changes and recent life history; socio-economic status; child care, education and activities; child health; anthropometry; caregivers' perceptions and attitudes; school and activities, child time use; social networks, social skills and social support; feelings and attitudes; parents' and household issues; child development; perception of the future, environment and household wealth.

Also included are calculated indices such as a wealth index, various social capital scores, and mental health scores, which are all detailed in the documentation. The SPSS syntax code and/or Stata 'do' files that show methods of calculation for the composite indices are also included in the dataset.
Topics
Topic
Economic conditions and indicators - Economics
General - Education
Youth - Social stratification and groupings
Primary, pre-primary and secondary - Education
School leaving - Education
Drug abuse, alcohol and smoking - Health
General - Health
Social attitudes and behaviour - Society and culture
Social indicators and quality of life - Society and culture
Time use - Society and culture
Child development and child rearing - Social stratification and groupings
Equality and inequality - Social stratification and groupings
Ethnic minorities - Social stratification and groupings
Family life and marriage - Social stratification and groupings
Gender roles - Social stratification and groupings
Social and occupational mobility - Social stratification and groupings
Use and provision of specific social services - Social welfare policy and systems
Keywords
Keyword Vocabulary URI
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STUDENT TRANSPORTATION S http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/94617680-69a7-4750-b57f-f84bc9f028b5
TRUANCY S http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/919290c9-01be-4610-9401-99f730bd7bcc
STUDENT BEHAVIOUR S http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/ad3e108b-78b2-4548-9d3c-adeb52996d68
STUDENT ATTITUDE S http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/e820a147-c124-4a81-8ba6-53ba04f6cfe7
TIME BUDGETS S http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/d1135c49-c2fd-4577-bc33-4345adeb1811
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS (BUILDINGS) S http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/1c386ad1-ed3d-4fe9-b0ce-501800dd23fd
FERTILIZERS S http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/cadf6095-22e2-40b9-86a6-4be1d43a2276
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY S http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/91c17b26-f7b8-47ef-a6ed-71fc8db59ba3
FINANCIAL DIFFICULTIES S http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/d85752c2-0c80-4b60-a46d-d4ebd30008a2
FARM VEHICLES S http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/77c849b8-4a01-43af-bb47-8a8323b0f05c
STANDARD OF LIVING S http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/4ae5df66-63f0-405c-b573-1e3f263023c8
GIFTS S http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/e425e454-40fc-49f1-8b40-ad1ffdc4885b
COMMUNITY ACTION S http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/42b77dad-3a78-48d3-9ca9-5a3910f0dce8
INFORMATION SOURCES S http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/8a245c85-9b75-4d11-96df-299558ae90c4
THEFT S http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/05f8d44f-ebf5-4b66-9d42-4c715261d21f
ARABLE FARMING S http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/b13ba30b-43e4-460f-9e5a-c52771206037
GROUPS S http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/ae760807-3986-4ace-8016-786396606e2c
FINANCIAL RESOURCES S http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/cd2fd3a9-35ce-4cdf-9363-9f6b91592716
BREAST-FEEDING S http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/bd0e64d7-7da2-40b6-9b9a-82bb278631c5
ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA S http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/4b160669-8c66-4530-b87f-5bc084365839
CONSCRIPTION S http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/0a7c97a4-5eb9-4e3f-9637-78213891ef55
IMPRISONMENT S http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/9bfb2bc4-84e5-4956-b138-ebec589fd6af
LIFE EVENTS S http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/68af9a08-36d4-4d62-b285-8447f12095e7
BUILDING MAINTENANCE S http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/cb45a6ff-9d77-416e-8c9e-20e6b863cfd6
EDUCATIONAL CHOICE S http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/e334f2b1-f424-4c4c-aa76-94a24743b74e
ANDHRA PRADESH G
2006 Y
HOME-GROWN FOODS S http://lod.data-archive.ac.uk/skoshasset/f329d3a1-3824-4212-9c5b-797d635d192d

Coverage

Geographic Coverage
Young Lives is an international study of childhood poverty, involving 12,000 children in 4 countries.
- Ethiopia (20 communities in Addis Ababa, Amhara, Oromia, and Southern National, Nationalities and People's Regions)
- India (20 sites across Andhra Pradesh and Telangana)
- Peru (74 communities across Peru)
- Vietnam (20 communities in the communes of Lao Cai in the north-west, Hung Yen province in the Red River Delta, the city of Danang on the coast, Phu Yen province from the South Central Coast and Ben Tre province on the Mekong River Delta)
Geographic Unit
No spatial unit
Universe
Cross-national; Subnational

Children aged approximately 5 years old and their households, and children aged 12 years old and their households, in Ethiopia, India (Andhra Pradesh), Peru and Vietnam, in 2006-2007. These children were originally interviewed in Round 1 of the study. See documentation for details of the exact regions covered in each country.

Producers and sponsors

Primary investigators
Name Affiliation
Boyden, J. University of Oxford. Department of International Development
Funding Agency/Sponsor
Name Abbreviation Role
Department for International Development DFID Funded the study

Sampling

Sampling Procedure
Purposive selection/case studies

A key need for the study's objectives was to obtain data at different levels - the children, their households, the community in which they resided, as well as at regional and national levels. This need thus determined that children should be selected in geographic clusters rather than randomly selected across the country. There was, however, a much more important reason for recruiting children in clusters - the sites are also intended to provide suitable settings for a range of complementary thematic studies. For example, one or a few sites may be used for a qualitative study designed to achieve a deeper level of understanding of some social issues, either because they are important in that particular place, or because the sites are appropriate locales to investigate a more general concern. The quantitative panel study is seen as the foundation upon which a coherent and interesting range of linked studies can be set up.

Thus the design was decided, in each country, comprising 20 geographic clusters with 100 children sampled in each cluster.
Deviations from the Sample Design
Ethiopia: 1,912 (5-year-olds), 980 (12-year-olds); India: 1,950 (5-year-olds), 994 (12-year-olds); Peru: 1,963 (5-year-olds), 685 (12-year-olds); Vietnam: 1,970 (5-year-olds), 990 (12-year-olds)
Weighting
No weighting used.

Data Collection

Dates of Data Collection
Start End
2006 2006
Data Collection Mode
Face-to-face interview
Supervision
Supervisors: Responsible for overseeing, monitoring and, where necessary, correcting the work of the interviewers. In addition, s/he is responsible for managing the team's equipment, vehicle and funds and completing the community questionnaire. S/he represents the project co-ordinator at the sentinel site level.
Data Collection Notes
Project Management
In each country, a Principal Investigator (PI) has been appointed to lead the fieldwork and data management activities. The PI works closely with the UK consortium and with the National Co-ordinator (NC), based in SC UK offices in each participating country. The NC’s function is to make links with and between the academic teams, government and civil society, and to ensure the involvement of different stakeholders, the local dissemination of outputs, and to devise advocacy strategies and organise media coverage.

The Policy Research Manager (PCM) for the project is based at Save the Children UK in London. The PCM is responsible for overall co-ordination of the project, working with country partners the academic institutions, DFID and other partners with a particular focus on ensuring linkages to policy and dissemination of outputs.

The Young Lives Survey is being overseen by an in-country management committee who have the responsibility to co-ordinate the survey according to the set schedule. The committee works with a staff of fieldwork co-ordinators who supervise the survey teams, who are based in regional offices.

Supervisors: Responsible for overseeing, monitoring and, where necessary, correcting the work of the interviewers. In addition, s/he is responsible for managing the team's equipment, vehicle and funds and completing the community questionnaire. S/he represents the project co-ordinator at the sentinel site level.

Fieldworkers: Responsible for collecting and recording information from households in the household questionnaire

Questionnaires

Questionnaires
Every questionnaire used in the study consists of a 'core' element and a country-specific element, which focuses on issues important for that country.

The core element of the questionnaires consists of the following sections:
Core 5 & 12 year old household questionnaire
• Section 1: Parental background
• Section 2: Household education
• Section 3: Livelihoods and asset framework
• Section 3a: Land & crops
• Section 3b: Time allocation
• Section 3c: Productive assets
• Section 3d: Non-agricultural earnings
• Section 3e: Transfers
• Section 4: Consumption/Expenditure
• Section 4a: Food consumption/expenditure
• Section 4b: Non-food consumption/expenditure
• Section 5: Social capital
• Section 5a: Support networks
• Section 5b: Family, group and political capital
• Section 5c: Collective action and exclusion
• Section 5d: Information networks
• Section 6: Economic changes and recent life history
• Section 7: Socio-economic status
• Section 8: Child care, education & activities (blank in 12yr old household)
• Section 9: Child health
• Section 10: Child development (blank in 12yr old household)
• Section 11: Anthropometry
• Section 12: Caregiver perceptions & attitudes

Core 12 year old child questionnaire
• Section 1: School and activities
• Section 2: Child health
• Section 3: Social networks, social skills and social support
• Section 4: Feelings and attitudes
• Section 5: Parents and household issues
• Section 6: Perceptions of household wealth and future
• Section 7: Child Development

The community questionnaire used in Ethiopia consists of the following sections:
- MODULE 1 General Module
• Section 1 General Community Characteristics
• Section 2 Social Environment
• Section 3 Access to Services
• Section 4 Economy
• Section 5 Local Prices
- MODULE 2 Child-Specific Modules
• Section 1 Educational Service (General)
• Section 2 NOT INCLUDED IN ETHIOPIA CONTEXT INSTRUMENT
• Section 3 Educational Services (Preschool, Primary, Secondary)
• Section 4 Health Services
• Section 5 Child Protection Services
- MODULE 3 Country specific community level questions
• Section 1 Conversion factors
• Section 2 Migration
• Section 3 Social protection program
• Section 4 Equity and budget management in education and health

The community questionnaire used in India consists of the following sections:
- MODULE 1 General Module
• Section 1: General Community Characteristics
• Section 2: Social Environment
• Section 3: Access to Services
• Section 4: Economy
• Section 5; Local Prices
- MODULE 2 Child-Specific Modules
• Section 1: Educational Services (General)
• Section 2: Child day care Services
• Section 3: Educational Services (Preschool, Primary, Secondary)
• Section 4: Health Services
• Section 5: Child Protection Services

The community questionnaire used in Peru consists of the following sections:
- MODULE 1 General Module
• Section 1: General Community Characteristics
• Section 2: Social Environment
• Section 3: Access to Services
• Section 4: Economy
• Section 5: Local Prices
- MODULE 2 Child-Specific Modules
• Section 1: Educational Services (General)
• Section 2: Child day care Services
• Section 3: Educational Services (Preschool, Primary, Secondary)
• Section 4: Health Services
• Section 5: Child Protection Services

The community questionnaire used in Vietnam consists of the following sections:
- MODULE 1 General Module
• Section 1: General Community Characteristics
• Section 2: Social Environment
• Section 3: Access to Services
• Section 4: Economy
• Section 5: Local Prices
• Section 6: Poverty Alleviation and Infrastructure Initiatives
- MODULE 2 Child-Specific Module
• Section 1: Educational Services (General and Country Specific)
• Section 2: Child day care Services
• Section 3: Educational Services (Preschool, Primary, Secondary)
• Section 4: Health Services
• Section 5: Child Protection Services

Data Processing

Other Processing
Data Archive Processing Standards
The data were processed to the UK Data Archive's A standard. A rigorous and comprehensive series of checks was carried out to ensure the quality of the data and documentation. Firstly, checks were made that the number of cases and variables matched the depositor's records. Secondly, checks were made that all variables had variable labels and all nominal (categorical) variables had value labels. Where possible, either with reference to the documentation and/or in communication with the depositor, absent labels were created. Thirdly, logical checks were performed to ensure that nominal (categorical) variables had values within the range defined (either by value labels or in the depositor's documentation). Lastly, any data or documentation that breached confidentiality rules were altered or suppressed to preserve anonymity.

All notable and/or outstanding problems discovered are detailed under the 'Data and documentation problems' heading below.

Data and documentation problems
Some variables have been removed for confidentiality purposes but may still be mentioned in the documentation.

Data conversion information
From January 2003 onwards, almost all data conversions have been performed using software developed by the UK Data Archive. This enables standardisation of the conversion methods and ensures optimal data quality. In addition to its own data processing/conversion code, this software uses the SPSS and StatTransfer command processors to perform certain format translations. Although data conversion is automated, all data files are also subject to visual inspection by a member of the Archive Data Services team.

With some format conversions, data, and more especially internal metadata (i.e. variable labels, value labels, missing value definitions, data type information), will inevitably be lost or truncated owing to the differential limits of the proprietary formats. A UK Data Archive Data Dictionary file (generally in Rich Text Format (RTF)) is usually provided for each data file, enabling viewing and searching of the internal metadata as it existed in the originating format. These files are called: [data file name]_UKDA_Data_Dictionary.rtf

Important information about the data format supplied
The following descriptions provide important information about the Archive's data supply formats. Some of this information is specific to the ingest format of the data, i.e. the format in which the Archive received the data from the depositor. The ingest format for this study was SPSS

SPSS files (*.sav files)
If SPSS was not the ingest format, this format will generally either have been created via the SPSS command processor (e.g. if the ingest format is STATA, SAS, Excel, or dBase). If the ingest format was non-delimited or fixed-width text, SPSS files will have been created using SPSS command syntax.

Issues: There is very seldom any loss of data or internal metadata when importing data files into SPSS. Any problems will have been listed above in the Data and Documentation Problems section of this file.

STATA (*.dta files)
If STATA was not the ingest format, STATA files will generally have been created from SPSS via the StatTransfer command processor. Importantly, StatTransfer's optimisation routine is run so that variables with SPSS write formats narrower than the data (e.g. numeric variables with 10 decimal places of data formatted to FX.2) are not rounded upon conversion to STATA because they are converted to 'doubles ' rather than floats. Discrete user missing values are copied across into STATA (as opposed to being collapsed into a single system missing code).

Issues: There are a number of data and metadata handling mismatches between SPSS and STATA. Where any data or internal metadata has been lost or truncated, it will be logged in the study's SPSS_to_STATA_conversion RTF file. Note that the complete internal metadata has been supplied in the UKDA Data Dictionary file(s): [data file name]_UKDA_Data_Dictionary.rtf

Tab-delimited text (*.tab files)
If tab-delimited text was not the ingest format, tab-delimited files will have been created from via the SPSS command processor, and also from Excel and MS Access files. When exporting from Access data tables to tab-delimited text, the potentially problematic special characters (tabs, carriage returns, line feeds, etc.) allowed by Access memo and text fields may have been removed by the Archive if necessary.

Issues: Date formats in SPSS are always exported to mm/dd/yyyy in tab-delimited text format. There may be a mismatch with the documentation on such variables. Variables that include both date and time such as dd-mm-yyyy hh:mm:ss (e.g. 18-JUN-2011 13:28:00), will lose the time information and become mm/dd/yyyy. All users of the data in tab-delimited format should consult the UK Data Archive Data Dictionary RTF file(s).

If the data was exported from MS Access, more limited 'data documenter' information is generally available in the RTF variable information files. These files may also contain SQL setup information.

MS Excel (*.xls/*xslx files)
If MS Excel was not the ingest format, Excel files may have been created via StatTransfer. The date and time issues noted under tab-delimited format may also apply here.

SAS (*.sas7bdat and *sas files)
If SAS was not the ingest format, SAS files will usually have been created via StatTransfer or SPSS. SAS is not one of the Archive's standard supply formats, and the files are likely to have been created in response to a user request. The usual format is *.sas7bdat files plus a .sas proc formats file. Note that the complete internal metadata has been supplied in the accompanying UK Data Archive Data Dictionary file(s).

Issues: The main loss of information when converting from SPSS to SAS is user-missing value definitions. By editing the .sas file, the user can choose whether to collapse all user-missing values into system missing or preserve the�value and lose the user-missing definition. To achieve the latter�the following section of the .sas file should be removed before running it:

/* User Missing Value Specifications */

Note that the complete internal metadata has been supplied�in the UKDA Data Dictionary file(s): [data file name]_UKDA_Data_Dictionary.rtf

MS Access (*.mdb/*.mdbx)
MS Access (*.mdb/*.mdbx files)
Due to substantial incompatibilities between versions of MS Access, the Archive will only make data available in MS Access format if this is the ingest format and/or the database contains important information in addition to the data tables (coding information, forms, queries, etc.).

Access policy

Access authority
Name Affiliation URL
UK Data Service University of Essex http://www.ukdataservice.ac.uk/help/get-in-touch.aspx
Contacts
Name Affiliation Email URL
Anne Solon, Data and Survey Manager University of Oxford anne.solon@qeh.ox.ac.uk http://www.ox.ac.uk
Young Lives, Oxford Department of International Development (ODID) University of Oxford younglives@younglives.org.uk http://www.younglives.org.uk
UK Data Service University of Essex help@ukdataservice.ac.uk http://www.ukdataservice.ac.uk/help/get-in-touch.aspx
Access conditions
The depositor has specified that registration is required and standard conditions of use apply. The depositor may be informed about usage. See <a href=http://ukdataservice.ac.uk/get-data/how-to-access/conditions.aspx>terms and conditions of access</a> for further information.
Citation requirements
Bibliographic Citation
All works which use or refer to these materials should acknowledge these sources by means of bibliographic citation. To ensure that such source attributions are captured for bibliographic indexes, citations must appear in footnotes or in the reference section of publications. The bibliographic citation for this data collection is:
Boyden, J., Young Lives: an International Study of Childhood Poverty: Round 2, 2006 [computer file]. 2nd Edition. Colchester, Essex: UK Data Archive [distributor], April 2014. SN: 6852 , http://dx.doi.org/10.5255/UKDA-SN-6852-2

Acknowledgement
Any publication, whether printed, electronic or broadcast, based wholly or in part on these materials, should acknowledge the original data creators, depositors or copyright holders, the funders of the Data Collections (if different) and the UK Data Archive, and to acknowledge Crown Copyright where appropriate.
Any publication, whether printed, electronic or broadcast, based wholly or in part on these materials should carry a statement that the original data creators, depositors or copyright holders, the funders of the Data Collections (if different) and the UK Data Archive bear no responsibility for their further analysis or interpretation.
Location of Data Collection
UK Data Service

Metadata production

DDI Document ID
DDI_WLD_2006_YLSCP-R2_v02_M_WB
Producers
Name Role
UK Data Service Metadata Preparation
Date of Metadata Production
2014-08-26
DDI Document version
DDI Document - Version 02 - (04/21/21)
This version is identical to DDI_WLD_2006_YLSCP-R2_v01_M_WB but country field has been updated to capture all the countries covered by survey.

Version 02 (August 2014). Initial version of the DDI (DDI2.5 XML CODEBOOK RECORD FOR STUDY NUMBER 6852) was done by UK Data Service in May, 2014.

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