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SMS Girl Impact Evaluation 2020-2022
Sending Messages about Schooling: Gender Innovation for Re-enrollment and Learning

Pakistan, 2020 - 2022
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Reference ID
PAK_2020-2022_SMSG-IE_v01_M
Producer(s)
Koen Martijn Geven
Collection(s)
The Strategic Impact Evaluation Fund (SIEF)
Metadata
Documentation in PDF DDI/XML JSON
Created on
Nov 10, 2026
Last modified
Nov 10, 2026
Documentation
Questionnaires
SMS Girl Impact Evaluation Baseline Survey Module – Parental Questionnaire
Download [PDF, 506.61 KB]
SMS Girl Impact Evaluation Endline Survey – Parental Questionnaire – When Schools Are Open
Download [PDF, 481.95 KB]
SMS Girl Impact Evaluation Midline Survey Round-2 Module – Parental Questionnaire
Download [PDF, 457.85 KB]
SMS Girl Impact Evaluation Phone-based Student Learning Assessment
Download [PDF, 400.57 KB]
SMS Girl Impact Evaluation Endline Survey – Parental Questionnaire – When Schools Are Closed
Download [PDF, 562.42 KB]
Reports
Nudging at Scale: Evidence from a Government Text Messaging Campaign during School Shutdowns in Punjab, Pakistan
Download [PDF, 897.14 KB]
Author(s) Koen Geven; Ayesha Tahir; Tazeen Fasih; Javaeria Qureshi; Amer Hasan; Sheena Fazili; Rabea Malik; Kevin MacDonald
Country Pakistan
Abstract Text and voice messages have emerged as a low-cost and popular tool for nudging recipients to change behavior. This paper presents findings from a randomized controlled trial designed to evaluate the impact of an information campaign using text and voice messages implemented in Punjab, Pakistan during the COVID-19-induced school closures. This campaign sought to increase study time and provide academic support while schools were closed and to encourage reenrollment when they opened, to reduce the number of dropouts. The campaign targeted girls enrolled in grades 5 to 7. Messages were sent out by a government institution, and the campaign lasted from October 2020 until November 2021, when schools had permanently re-opened. Households were randomized across three treatment groups and a control group that did not receive any messages. The first treatment group received gender-specific messages that explicitly referenced daughters in their households, and the second treatment group received gender-neutral messages. A third group was cross randomized across the first two arms and received academic support messages (practice math problems and solutions). The results show that the messages increased reenrollment by 6.0 percentage points approximately three months after the intervention finished. Gender neutral messages (+8.9 percentage points) showed larger effect size on enrolment than gender-specific messages (+ 4.3 percentage points), although the difference is not statistically significant. The message program also increased learning outcomes by 0.2 standard deviation for Urdu and 0.2 standard deviation for math. The paper finds a small positive effect on the intensive margin of remote learning and an (equivalent) small negative effect on the intensive margin of outside tutoring. In line with similar studies on pandemic remediation efforts, the paper finds no effect of the academic support intervention on learning. The findings suggest that increased school enrollment played a role in supporting the observed increase in learning outcomes.
Download https://microdata.worldbank.org//catalog/8629/download/361280
Technical documents
SMS Girl Impact Evaluation - Data Cleaning Report
Download [PDF, 107.31 KB]
Date 2021-03-17T04:00:00.000Z
Country Pakistan
Description This document highlights the corrections made to the datasets as well as the process undertaken for de-identification.
Download https://microdata.worldbank.org//catalog/8629/download/361274
SMS Girl Impact Evaluation - Data Collection and Data Quality Monitoring Summary
Download [PDF, 189.52 KB]
Date 2021-03-17T04:00:00.000Z
Country Pakistan
Description This document includes a summary of the processes for data collection and monitoring data quality, as well as information on the baseline survey modules and the response rates.
Download https://microdata.worldbank.org//catalog/8629/download/361275
Readme file for reproduction of Tables in the paper ‘Nudging at scale: evidence from a government text messaging campaign during school shutdowns in Punjab, Pakistan’
Download [PDF, 108.42 KB]
Author(s) Ayesha Tahir: Koen Geven
Country Pakistan
Description This is the readme file for the reproduction of tables and datapoints in the paper reporting on the SMS GIRL Impact Evaluation.
Download https://microdata.worldbank.org//catalog/8629/download/361277
SMS Girl Impact Evaluation - Variable Crosswalk
Download [CSV, 32.1 KB]
Country Pakistan
Description This is a codebook that includes all of the variables in the datasets along with their labels.
Download https://microdata.worldbank.org//catalog/8629/download/361278
SMS Girl Impact Evaluation - Replication Files
Download [ZIP, 11.18 KB]
Country Pakistan
Description This folder includes all of the Stata-do files that are needed to reproduce the tables and datapoints in the 'Nudging at scale: evidence from a government text messaging campaign during school shutdowns in Punjab, Pakistan' paper.
Download https://microdata.worldbank.org//catalog/8629/download/361279
Zip preview
replication_file_00_master_sms_girl.do
replication_file_01_tables_4_5_6_a1_a2_a3_a4.do
replication_file_02_tables_7_8_a5.do
replication_file_03_table_9.do
replication_file_04_tables_10_11.do
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